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121.
Whether ENSO has affected U.S. macroeconomic performance has been a matter of dispute. To address the issue we explore whether there has been any co-cyclicality of ENSO fluctuations and the rates of inflation and economic growth over the 1894-1999 timespan and, failing this, whether aperiodic ENSO shocks have had any impact on these variables. Neither co-cyclicality nor aperiodic shocks are discernible. While ENSO may briefly influence the performance of particular sectors of the economy in particular regions, as documented by the previous literature, such locally-important effects vanish into the noise surrounding macroeconomic trends in an economy as large and complex as that of the U.S. 相似文献
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Evidence supporting the positive effects of capital account liberalization on growth is mixed at best. Even after conditioning on the quality of domestic financial institutions, a significant number of studies still find no effect. One possible explanation is reverse causation. If low growth countries liberalize in order to spur growth, the observed correlation between growth and liberalization will underestimate the impact of capital account openness. To eliminate this bias, I instrument capital account liberalization with the average level of openness of other countries to capture the “fad” element in financial liberalization. IV estimates indicate a significant positive effect of liberalization on growth, confirming the predictions of economic theory. 相似文献
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This paper analyzes the effects of pension funding for a small open economy in which wages are subject to bargaining. Using an overlapping-generations framework, we show that a reform away from a Pay-As-You-Go towards a funded pension system will be Pareto improving only if the reform results in a reduction in the steady-state unemployment rate. However, the reduction in the unemployment rate is by no means warranted: although for pension systems which involve a limited amount of intra-generational redistribution this is likely, for systems displaying a high degree of intra-generational redistribution the unemployment rate may well rise thus preventing the realization of welfare gains. 相似文献
126.
This article introduces an integrative framework of corporate social responsibility (CSR) design and implementation. A review of CSR literature – in particular with regard to design and implementation models – provides the background to develop a multiple case study. The resulting integrative framework, based on this multiple case study and Lewin’s change model, highlights four stages that span nine steps of the CSR design and implementation process. Finally, the study identifies critical success factors for the CSR process. 相似文献
127.
This article introduces an integrative framework of corporate social responsibility (CSR) design and implementation. A review
of CSR literature – in particular with regard to design and implementation models – provides the background to develop a multiple
case study. The resulting integrative framework, based on this multiple case study and Lewin’s change model, highlights four
stages that span nine steps of the CSR design and implementation process. Finally, the study identifies critical success factors
for the CSR process. 相似文献
128.
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The Bioeconomics of Cooperation 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Adam Gifford 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2000,2(2):153-168
When transactions and information are costly and exchange is non-simultaneous, ‘institutions matter’. They matter because
exchange under these circumstances subjects the participants to potentially harmful behaviors by other participants, among
which are: opportunistic behavior, agency, the free-rider problem, cheating, moral hazard, and adverse selection. Institutions
constrain these behaviors, allowing the participants to take advantage of the gains from trade and specialization, and thereby
facilitating cooperation. Individuals adhere to institutional rules because they gain by doing so. Because the individual
gains are inseparable from the structure of the institutions, the institutions themselves necessarily become the focus of
the analysis—as we see in the new institutional economics (NIE).
The new group selection position in biology involves a similar shift in focus from the level of the individual to the group
when studying the evolution of altruism. But some of the proponents of group selection go further, arguing that altruism in
biology evolves because it is in the interest of the group, but not the individual. In fact, group level analysis is necessary
in biology, as in the NIE, because it allows for the discovery of ‘institutions’ that constrain cheating, opportunistic behavior,
etc., thereby making participation in the group in the long-run self-interest of the individual.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献