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101.
This study focuses on the economic exchange rate exposure of 168 U.S.-based multinational corporations (MNCs) with foreign operations primarily in Europe. The sampling plan and other refinements may improve the estimation of exposure and detection of relevant determinants. Operating characteristics that represent economic exposure are evaluated for their ability, to explain cross-sectional differences in exposure. More specifically, the degree of imbalance, which is a proxy for matching cash inflows and outflows, and proportion of export sales are able to explain differential exposure. Furthermore, shifts in the degree of imbalance and proportion of export sales are found to significantly explain shifts in exposure. 相似文献
102.
The methods of dual scaling (DS) and correspondence analysis (CA) are used extensively in marketing research for analyzing categorical data. When applied to preferences, paired comparisons and ratings, dual scaling has been contrasted with correspondence analysis, as if the two techniques operated differently on these data. In this note, we show that correspondence analysis provides exactly the same solution as dual scaling once the data have been transformed by a so-called “doubling” with respect to the respondents. 相似文献
103.
Regulation 178/2002 (the so-called General Food Law – GFL) codifies risk analysis as the core principle of the modern food safety policy. This article places the GFL in EU multi-level food safety governance and analyses the impact of risk analysis, the precautionary principle and mechanisms of scientific governance introduced by the GFL on both national and Community legislation. It discusses the case law of the European Courts dealing with scientific evidence and the precautionary principle applied to both European and national food safety measures. The article concludes with some observations on the role of the risk analysis methodology in the Community internal market. 相似文献
104.
Service transition strategies of industrial manufacturers 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Anna Salonen Author Vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2011,40(5):683-690
Manufacturers are increasingly adopting service based strategies to maintain competitiveness in the face of commoditization, slower growth, and declining profitability in core product markets. The objective of this study is to explicate the transformation process towards services in more detail. We find that manufacturers develop product related services through a dedicated service division designed to exploit the commercial opportunities of servicing an installed base of equipment. At the same time, the strategy of integrated solutions is utilized to enhance the competitiveness of their core product offering under industry conditions which make it difficult to maintain competitive advantage purely through technological leadership. These logics are investigated through case studies of two industrial manufactures. 相似文献
105.
106.
Four stakeholders are involved in corporate travel: management, travellers, travel suppliers and travel management companies. A successful corporate travel management process is dependent on cohesion of values between these stakeholders and pursuit of common goals. Value conflicts can influence the effective management of the process. The purpose of the study was to propose a model which recognises value conflicts, the interdependence of stakeholders and incorporates common goals. The so-called ‘Soft Value Management Model’ was selected and conceptualised in the context of corporate travel management. This study defined and surveyed each stakeholder group in terms of their values and objectives on travel management information; travel policy and compliance; travel management company partnerships; and travel expenditure processing. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used. The results show that value conflicts exist between stakeholders. The model provides a theoretical foundation against which an effective travel management process can potentially be measured. 相似文献
107.
Anna Bluj 《Intereconomics》2008,43(6):371-376
Retirement systems within the EU are extremely complex, and regulations concerning age of retirement and qualifications for benefits differ considerably from country to country. The effects of working in another country are not transparent and can even have a negative effect on a migrant’s pension. The low migration figures between EU countries are partly a result of this situation. What changes could realistically be made in order to encourage more migration? 相似文献
108.
Anna Martellotti 《Journal of Mathematical Economics》2008,44(5-6):535-549
Continuing the investigation on finitely additive economies with infinite dimensional commodity space, we state a core-walras individualistic equivalence for an economy where preferences admit a summable map of extremely desirable commodities. The main result extends previous equivalences obtained both in the countably additive and in the finitely additive setting. Extra assumptions on the model are discussed via a pair of examples. 相似文献
109.
Based on a postal survey and interviews, this paper analyses employee empowerment in the UK manufacturing industry, including how it is pursued and perceived, and the key factors that determine success. Success seems to depend on far-reaching changes in procedures, hierarchies and reward structures. This need to mobilise individual agents and structure reconfirms the agency-structure duality. 相似文献
110.
This article explores a stage in the capitalist transformation of the Czech Republic in early 1993. Three levels of change are examined: institutional developments in industrial relations; perceptions of change among union policy makers; and attitudes and experiences of managers and workers at workplace level. 相似文献