THE TREATMENT OF STOCK APPRECIATION IN THE MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME*

In the latest official national income publication the Australian Commonwealth Statistician has altered the treatment of stock appreciation in the measurement of national income at current prices. Previously, stock appreciation had been included in both national expenditure and national product. Now the amount of stock appreciation (the difference between the change in the value of stocks and the value of the change in stocks) has been deducted from investment in stocks, and consequently national expenditure, and from trading incomes, and consequently national income. The former procedure (including stock appreciation in national expenditure and national product) had been advocated by the present author, when editor of the first official national income publications issued by the Commonwealth Statistician. In this note an attempt is made to set out the reasons for this view. A new approach is also suggested for handling the item of stock appreciation in national income accounts, which does not rest on the assumption that stock appreciation is a capital gain which should be excluded from trading incomes and national product.     

A Critique of the Empirical Methods of Integrative Social Contracts Theory

Integrative social contracts theory (ISCT) uses empirical methods to develop guidelines for international business ethics. This article criticizes ISCT in terms of the way people actually think about contracts and agreements around the globe. Differences in orientations to communications context, moral reasoning, and institutional and structural conditions make the identification of authentic norms, hypernorms, and relevant communities problematic. The difficulties of the empirical methods suggest recourse to more traditional theoretical approaches for the identification of hypernorms as well as a stronger test for the compatibility of authentic norms with hypernorms.     

An assessment of the economic and environmental potential of biomass production in an agricultural region

The establishment of deep-rooted perennial species and their processing for biomass-based products such as renewable energy can have benefits for both local and global scale environmental objectives. In this study, we assess the potential economic viability of biomass production in the South Australian River Murray Corridor and quantify the resultant benefits for local and global scale environmental objectives. We model the spatial distribution of economically viable biomass production in a Geographic Information System and quantify the model sensitivity and uncertainty using Monte Carlo analysis. The total potentially viable area for biomass production under the Most Likely Scenario is 360,728 ha (57.7% of the dryland agricultural area), producing over 3 million tonnes of green biomass per annum, with a total Net Present Value over 100 years of A$ 88 million. The salinity in the River Murray could be reduced by 2.65 EC (μS/cm) over a 100-year timeframe, and over 96,000 ha of land with high wind erosion potential could be stabilised over a much shorter period. With sufficient generating capacity, our Most Likely Scenario suggests that economically viable biomass production could reduce carbon emissions by over 1.7 million tonnes per annum through the production of renewable energy and a reduced reliance on coal-based electricity generation. Our analyses suggest that biomass production is a potentially viable alternative agricultural system that can have substantial local scale environmental benefits with complimentary global scale benefits for climate change mitigation.     

Spatial pricing in international trade: Some limited evidence

Zusammenfassung Regionale Preisdifferenzierung im internationalen Handel. Ein empirischer Befund. — In diesem Aufsatz wird versucht, die Bedeutung regionaler Preisdifferenzierung im internationalen Handel zu ermitteln, wobei die Frachtraten in der Seeschiffahrt und die f.o.b.-Durchschnittswerte für kanadische Exporte von Zeitungspapier, Aluminium-Barren, raffiniertem Kupfer und Asbestfasern verwendet werden. Die Daten umfassen mehrere Jahre. Die Ergebnisse der Regressionen zeigen, da? die Exporteure aller vier Produkte die Frachtkosten bis zu einem gewissen Grade absorbieren, und zwar wohl besonders h?ufig bei Zeitungspapier und Kupfer.

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Résumé La détermination des prix spatiaux au commerce international: Quelques preuves limitées. — Cette étude essaie d’évaluer l’importance de la détermination des prix spatiaux au commerce international en utilisant le fret maritime et les valeurs par unité franco bord concernant les exportations canadiennes pour le papier à imprimer, les lingots d’aluminium, le cuivre, et les fibres d’amiante. La base des données comprend plusieurs années. Les résultats de la regression indiquent que les exportateurs des quatre produits analysés absorbent partiellement le fret s’ils forment les prix mais il semble que la pratique est plus prépondérante concernant les prix de papier à imprimer et de cuivre.

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Resumen Política de precios espacial en el comercio international : cierta evidencia empírica limitada. — En este trabajo se intenta evaluar la importancia de una política de precios espacial en el comercio international utilizando tarifas de carga marítima y valores unitarios fob de las exportaciones canadienses de periódicos, lingotes de aluminio, cobre (tipos refinados) y fibras de asbesto. El banco de datos abarca varios a?os. Los resultados de las regresiones indican que una parte de la absorción de la carga ocurre en la política de precios para los cuatro bienes, mas en la práctica parece no prevalecer en la politica de precios para periódicos y cobre.

     

Personal perception and community speculation: A British resort in the 19th century

The paper presents a case history of the origin and early development of what later became a major UK seaside resort. Weston-super-Mare. Early developers were faced with considerable environmental difficulties, and by using a variety of contemporary documentary sources the paper considers how the problems were overcome within the context of both developers' and early visitors' perceptions, and of the regional market for tourism in the early nineteenth century. The reaction of the existing local community to development potential is also considered, and more general conclusions are reached on the nature of resort development in the nineteenth century.     

Inside the Crystal Ball of Finance: Understanding Financial Economists' Attitudes to Market and Society

Market economists are thought to wield tremendous power—not only over financial markets but over governments that stray from the ‘market way’. Still, there is mystery about what economists think, and how they form their judgements. This article reports results from a survey of over 50 financial market economists from leading financial institutions in Australia conducted in December 2003 and January 2004. It provides insight into the opinions of economists who impact on markets and policy, especially through media commentary. The article identifies their economic and social views, comparing them with the Australian public. We then examine how professional views of economists differ from their personal views. Differences in professional and private views—especially over the role of government and labour markets—are an opportunity to ponder how judgements are formed and used. We offer tentative answers to the question: do these professionals—highly paid for their opinions—occasionally self‐censor?