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961.
Municipal bonds are often insured by insurance companies that promise to pay investors in the event of default on the part of the issuer. However, just as the financial strength of the insurer can provide assurance to investors, questions about insurer stability may heighten investor concerns. This paper considers three major downgrades to large municipal bond insurers and the effects of each downgrade on a large sample of municipal bonds. Results reveal the effects to be widespread: not only are risk premiums on bonds insured by the downgraded insurer affected, but so are those on bonds insured by other insurance companies. 相似文献
962.
Mining activities generate significant social concerns in terms of employee safety and stakeholder scrutiny has increased considerably in recent years. Social and environmental accounting research is largely dedicated to environmental issues and the study of other components of social accounting is limited. This study examines safety disclosures in the annual reports, sustainability reports, and reactive corporate press releases of South African mining organisations following two major mining accidents occurring at Harmony Gold and Gold Fields’ mines. Results show that organisations react to perceived legitimacy threats through increased safety disclosures. The entire mining industry evidences an increase in disclosure levels after the incidents, suggesting that organisations do respond to increased stakeholder scrutiny threatening their legitimacy. Furthermore, our results provide evidence of an association between safety disclosure levels and firm size, social performance, risk, and number of fatalities, while the media attention devoted to mining accidents appears to be unrelated to safety disclosure levels. It is possible that stakeholder pressure, which motivates corporate social disclosures according to legitimacy and stakeholder theories, consists of various factors, which combined form the motivation to report. Media attention, therefore, cannot be considered in isolation as a driver of disclosure. Rather, a combination of variables such as size, social responsibility performance, number of fatalities, risk, and media attention could serve as a proxy for social pressure. 相似文献
963.
Dean Karlan Ed Kutsoati Margaret McMillan Chris Udry 《The Journal of risk and insurance》2011,78(1):37-55
Farmers face a particular set of risks that complicate the decision to borrow. We use a randomized experiment to investigate (1) the role of crop‐price risk in reducing demand for credit among farmers and (2) how risk mitigation changes farmers’ investment decisions. In Ghana, we offer farmers loans with an indemnity component that forgives 50 percent of the loan if crop prices drop below a threshold price. A control group is offered a standard loan product at the same interest rate. Loan uptake is high among all farmers and the indemnity component has little impact on uptake or other outcomes of interest. 相似文献
964.
This paper argues that the impasse over tackling climate change at the 2009 climate change summit is a result of the outcome of the prevailing power and politics at the summit. The paper discusses the sociological literature on power and notes that the failure of the summit illustrates the fragility of legitimacy and authority. The paper rehearses key parts of the chronology of the summit and argues that the politics of domination often prevail over the politics of legitimacy. Moreover, the way in which both science and politics have failed to legitimate the issue of climate change is explored. The paper closes with a discussion of what is required to fix the issue as legitimate and meriting serious action by major international agencies and economies. 相似文献
965.
Paul Ekins Philip Summerton Chris Thoung Daniel Lee 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,50(3):447-474
This paper reports the results of a major modelling exercise to gain insights into the possible economic and environmental
effects of a large-scale environmental tax reform (ETR) in the UK. ETR involves a shift in the target of taxation away from
labour or firms towards pollution or the use of natural resources, in such a way that overall tax revenues are unchanged.
It is hoped that such a tax shift will deliver environmental improvements while having a neutral or positive effect on the
economy. The modelling was set up to explore the extent to which this would be the case. The paper starts with a brief literature
review identifying the theoretical hypotheses relating to ETR and summarising the results of some of the evaluations of ETRs
that have been implemented. It then briefly describes the model used for the analysis in this paper. The main body of the
paper then describes the scenarios set up to explore the main impacts and the results of modelling these scenarios. These
results suggest that substantial reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved with minimal impacts on output
and an overall increase in employment, such that ETR emerges as a very attractive policy for GHG emission reduction. 相似文献
966.
967.
Chris David Burt Sophie Gibbons 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2011,16(2):183-194
- The effects of web page donation link (donation button) design on aid agency transactional trust was examined in a survey and in two experiments. Experiment 1 compared three donation button designs, which were developed on the basis of study 1, which was a survey of 559 charity websites, and found no significant effects on rated transactional trust. Experiment 2 attempted to manipulate transactional uncertainty through donation button design by incorporating crisis/need and aid agency response photographs. These button design manipulations significantly increased rated transactional trust. In both experiments, transactional trust ratings were significantly correlated with donation compliance ratings. These results suggest that transactional trust can be enhanced through the considered design of the donation button, and increasing transactional trust in this manner may result in more online donations.
968.
Nanotechnologies are enabling technologies which rely on the manipulation of matter on the scale of billionths of a metre.
It has been argued that scientific uncertainties surrounding nanotechnologies and the inability of regulatory agencies to
keep up with industry developments mean that voluntary regulation will play a part in the development of nanotechnologies.
The development of technological applications based on nanoscale science is now increasingly seen as a potential test case
for new models of regulation based on future-oriented responsibility, lifecycle risk management, and upstream public engagement.
This article outlines findings from a project undertaken in 2008–2009 for the UK Government’s Department of Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) by BRASS at Cardiff University, involving an in-depth survey both of current corporate social responsibility
(CSR) reporting in the UK nanotechnologies industry, and of attitudes to particular stakeholder issues within the industry.
The article analyses the results to give an account of the nature of corporate social performance (CSP) within the industry,
together with the particular model of CSR operating therein (‘do no harm’ versus ‘positive social force’). It is argued that
the nature of emerging technologies requires businesses to adopt particular visions of CSR in order to address stakeholder
issues, and that the nanotechnologies industry presents specific obstacles and opportunities in this regard. 相似文献
969.
Chris Burt Skye Williams 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2014,19(3):165-175
- Two experiments investigated donors' willingness to split their donation into a proportion that the charity could use for administration costs and a portion that could be used to deliver the charity's services. Experiment 1 found that participants in the condition given the opportunity to split their donation into an amount for administration costs and an amount for service delivery gave a significantly smaller proportion of their overall donation to administration costs, when compared with participants in another condition who were simply asked what proportion of their donation they would be happy for the organization to use for administration costs. Experiment 2 manipulated the amount of information participants (donors) received about the breakdown of a charity's administration costs but found no significant change in the amount donated to administration. Both experiments show that donors were willing to donate approximately 15% of their donation directly to charity administration costs. Results are discussed in terms of understanding how a charity's financial management might be influencing donor's trust in the charity and providing charities with a degree of certainty in the proportion of donations they can spend on administration costs.
970.