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131.
Many decisions by regulators have been analyzed over the last two decades in an effort to test regulatory behavioral theories. As a result, the interest group theory of behavior has gained a considerable following and the public interest theory has been largely dismissed. However, many of these tests are inadequate; with the regulatory decisions analyzed, both the interest group and public interest theories lead to the same predictions. To properly distinguish between these theories, a set of necessary conditions that a regulatory decision must satisfy is developed. Based on these conditions and the extant empirical literature, public interest concerns of regulators cannot be dismissed, and a more general theory of regulatory behavior is suggested. 相似文献
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133.
One potential weakness of all divisional profitability schemes is their inability to capture synergies among business units. One way of managing this problem is to design a transfer pricing scheme that attempts to assign common costs and benefits to different business units. What makes transfer pricing both so interesting, and such a challenge, is that the solution involves finding a way to encourage divisional managers whose pay is likely to depend on such transfer prices to reveal their private or unbiased information about the firm's costs in a way that serves the interest of the rest of the firm. With that end in view, the authors provide a general analytical framework for setting transfer prices and go on to discuss the costs and benefits of each of the most common transfer‐pricing methods: (1) market pricing; (2) marginal cost pricing; (3) full‐cost pricing; and (4) negotiated prices. 相似文献
134.
The purpose of this research is to design and to test an instrument to measure postmodern consumer orientations. The construct is articulated and operationalized using three dimensions that particularly relate to consumer orientations regarding identity, reality, and subject-hood. Each dimension is measured using four items that were developed based on literature review and prior qualitative research. This paper reports successful results from the confirmatory factor analysis verifying empirical viability of the measures. Results from further analyses of hypotheses relating to consumer characteristics, such as materialism, Machiavellianism, and locus of control impressions, are also reported to provide greater insight into the nature of the postmodern consumer. 相似文献
135.
Finance theory has long viewed corporate income taxes as a potentially important determinant of corporate financing decisions and capital structures. But finance academics have been unable to provide convincing empirical evidence of a material effect of taxes on corporate leverage, in part because of difficulties in constructing an effective proxy for marginal corporate tax rates, and hence for the tax benefits of debt, for large samples of individual companies. The authors address this by analyzing leverage decisions in an industry whose publicly traded entities are organized either as taxable corporations, or as real estate investment trusts (REITs) that effectively avoid entity level taxation. This enables them to measure the relative tax benefits of debt with greater precision while controlling for important nontax characteristics that affect debt usage. The tax hypothesis predicts that for real estate firms with similar asset portfolios, taxable firms should have more debt than their nontaxable counterparts. Both the nontaxable and the taxable real estate firms in our sample routinely have more than twice the leverage of industrial firms, which suggests that factors other than taxes are contributing to their use of debt. But among real estate firms, tax status appears to play a much weaker role. Taxable firms have significantly more leverage only after 2000, when restrictions on REITs were removed through new regulations that made their operations much more like those of taxable real estate firms. Our findings also depend on real estate characteristics—most notably, only residential real estate firms demonstrated differences that are consistent with the tax hypothesis. Taken together, the authors’ findings suggest that although taxes do seem to matter, their role is clearly secondary relative to factors such as the nature of the firm’s assets. A generous interpretation of our evidence puts the effect of taxes between one‐third and one‐half of that implied by prior research. 相似文献
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138.
In this paper we show that, if the relation between the actual monitoring probability and the extent of compliance in the
regulated population is concave to the actual probability axis, providing perfect information raises compliance rates, relative
to what might be called the “keep-them-ignorant” option. We also illustrate that a quite simple method is available for checking
whether, in a particular setting with a particular class of regulated parties, the full information or the keep-them-ignorant
policy ought to be pursued. 相似文献
139.
Effective leadership involves more than developing and communicating the right strategic vision for the company. To encourage employees to carry out the corporate vision, companies must ensure consistency among the following three main components of their “organizational architecture:”
- ? the allocation of decision‐making authority (that is, who in the organization gets to make what decisions);
- ? performance measurement systems (for evaluating the performance of individuals as well as business units); and
- ? reward systems (the rewards for success, both financial and otherwise, and the consequences of failure).
140.