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991.
Hans Pruijt 《International journal of urban and regional research》2004,28(3):699-705
A recent change in attitude of politicians and officials in Amsterdam towards artists who use squatted workspaces does not entail co‐optation of squatters as providers of cultural services. The municipal Breeding Places Amsterdam (BPA) project is a continuation of the long‐standing tendency to legalize squats, but now motivated in terms of the artists' function for the city. There are no indications that recent legalizations have an effect that is different from earlier legalizations. They did not cause the squatters' movement to shift from waging a housing struggle towards creative expression, nor did they affect the core business of the movement: squatting. Internal conflicts, the use of legal procedure instead of political arguments and highly differentiated outcomes for individual squatters are not specific to the recent era of squatting. Some squatters are now trying to play their cards in a way that is compatible with the hype of the creative city. This illustrates the resilience of the prevailing pattern of ‘flexible institionalization’. Flexibility and diversity may well be characteristics that have enabled the squatters' movement to survive under increasingly adverse conditions. A Amsterdam, le récent changement d'attitude des politiciens et fonctionnaires à l'égard des artistes qui travaillent dans des ateliers squattés n'entraîne pas de cooptation des squatters comme fournisseurs de services culturels. Le projet municipal BPA (l'Amsterdam des pépinières) perpétue une tendance à légaliser les squats, quoique désormais motivée par le rôle des artistes dans la ville. Il n'existe aucun indice que les récentes légalisations aient un effet différent des précédentes. Elles ne font pas évoluer le mouvement des squatters d'une agitation de lutte pour le logement vers une expression créative, ni ne modifient l'activité première du mouvement: squatter. Conflits internes, recours à une procédure légale plutôt qu'à une argumentation politique, et résultats très différenciés selon les individus ne sont pas spécifiques à l'époque récente. Certains squatters tentent désormais leur chance selon une méthode compatible avec la dynamique promotionnelle de la ville créative, illustrant ainsi la résilience du schéma dominant ‘d'institutionnalisation flexible’. Ainsi, souplesse et diversité pourraient être les caractéristiques qui permettraient au mouvement des squatters de survivre dans des conditions de plus en plus défavorables. 相似文献
992.
Robert Chirinko Hans van Ees Harry Garretsen Elmer Sterken 《The German Economic Review》2004,5(2):119-138
Abstract. The Berle–Means problem – information and incentive asymmetries disrupting relations between knowledgeable managers and remote investors – has remained a durable issue engaging researchers since the 1930s. However, the Berle–Means paradigm – widely dispersed, helpless investors facing strong, entrenched managers – is under stress in the wake of the cross‐country evidence presented by La Porta, Lopez‐de‐Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny, and their legal approach to corporate control. This paper continues to investigate the roles of investor protections and concentrated ownership by examining firm behaviour in the Netherlands. Our within‐country analysis generates two key results. First, the role of investor protections emphasized in the legal approach is not sustained. Rather, firm performance is enhanced when the firm is freed of equity market constraints. Second, ownership concentration does not have a discernible impact on firm performance, which may reflect large shareholders' dual role in lowering the costs of managerial agency problems but raising the agency costs of expropriation. 相似文献
993.
994.
995.
The quarterly time series of German consumption and income are analyzed with respect to seasonality and stochastic trends. It emerges that both variables can be appropriately described by a periodically integrated autoregression. An implication is that the stochastic trend and the seasonal fluctuations are not independent for each of the univariate series. In order to test for cointegration across the two series, we propose several methods which take account of the relationship between seasons and trends in the univariate series. Some of these methods boil down to extracting the stochastic trend from the univariate series in a first step and to relating these trends using cointegration techniques in a second step. Another method is an extension of the Johansen cointegration testing approach to periodic vector autoregressions. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the empirical performance of the various methods. The main empirical result is that only in the first quarter there seems to be cointegration between German consumption and income. 相似文献
996.
This article uses a limited general equilibrium model to investigatethe growth and equity effects of a variety of economic and technicalchanges and selected agricultural policies in India. It exploreshow changes in food prices, rural wages, and farm profits associatedwith the Green Revolution period affected income distributionbetween net buyers and sellers of food. The model shows thatincome gains from the Green Revolution initially accrued tothe wealthier rural groups but that after 197273 theywere transferred to urban consumers and that by 198081the per capita incomes of poor and wealthier rural groups alikewere barely above their respective 196061 levels. Themodel is also used in counterfactual analysis of the impactof changes in technological, demographic, investment, taxation,and income redistribution variables. Its findings indicate theimportance of trade policies for the nature of the equity outcomesfrom agricultural growth and suggest that a reduction in populationgrowth and an increase in nonagricultural employment and incomeare required to convert agricultural growth into reduced ruralpoverty. 相似文献
997.
998.
Hans Jarle Kind 《Review of Development Economics》2004,8(1):47-67
The paper presents an endogenous growth model where the level of international transaction costs may be decisive for whether the relatively poor East specializes in agriculture production, imitates goods from the rich West, or makes its own innovations. The author shows that the East produces only agricultural goods if transaction costs are high, while innovation is profitable when transaction costs are low. In between there are a range of transaction costs where the East imitates, possibly resulting in a lower global growth rate and a larger international wage gap than if imitation were not possible. 相似文献
999.
In 1984 the Swedish government appointed a parliamentary committee to examine the future of the Swedish Secretariat for Futures Studies. This article describes the intellectual and institutional background against which the Secretariat was set up and how it evolved in the 1970s and early 1980s. It finally presents the committee's recommendations and the new organization for futures studies emerging out of its proposal. 相似文献
1000.