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991.
Increasingly through the 1990s, tobacco control advocates questioned the practice of public institutions investing in tobacco company stocks. The questioning was framed in at least three ways. First, is it ethical to fund public expenditures with profits from a product that causes addiction and disease? Second, is it sound social policy to derive public income from a product that increases healthcare costs and reduces worker productivity? Finally, is it sound fiscal policy to invest in an historically profitable industry facing multiplying legal and regulatory challenges? While the tobacco industry preferred to restrict discussion to the fiscal question, and offered an affirmative answer, its position was weakened by depressed stock prices brought on by actions of the industry as much as by tobacco control activism. As part of a campaign to restore its credibility as an investment vehicle with public fund managers, Philip Morris (PM) commissioned a report from the influential investment managers/advisors Wilshire Associates. However, Wilshire had only recently conducted such a study for the Washington State Investment Board (WSIB), assuring the board that the value tobacco stocks added to an investment portfolio – if any – was too small to be measured. Nonetheless, within a year, Wilshire produced a report for PM which appeared to laud the investment value of tobacco and to dismiss tobacco-excluded investment alternatives. This paper examines how Wilshire produced apparently diametrically opposed reports for clients with different interests. It reveals a pattern of potential conflicts of interest among tobacco companies, financial analysis firms, investment authorities, and institutional fund managers. It demonstrates substantial violations of two generally accepted ethical principles of business consulting: veracity and transparency. 相似文献
992.
This article presents the process of creation and expansion of the Fundação Abrinq pelos Direitos da Criança et do Adolescente (Abrinq Foundation for Rights of Children and Adolescents). Established in 1990 by a group of entrepreneurs from the Brazilian Toy Manufacturers’ Association (ABRINQ), the Fundação Abrinq has been successful at raising the issue of children in Brazilian society by bridging business and several other sectors of society. This article more particularly examines (1) the societal challenges related to the situation of children in Brazil; (2) the creation and development of the Abrinq Foundation; and (3) the achievements of this innovative bridging organization over 15 years. 相似文献
993.
In their seminal paper, Morris and Shin (Amer Econ Rev 92(5): 1521–1534, 2002a) argued that increasing the precision of public information is not always beneficial to social welfare. Svensson (Amer Econ
Rev 96: 448–451, 2006) however has disputed this by saying that although feasible, the conditions for which this was true, were not all that likely.
In that respect, therefore, increasing ‘transparency’ remains most of the times beneficial to social welfare. In this paper,
we extend the Morris and Shin attempt by setting it up as an explicit interactive game between the Central Bank, the objectives
of which we model explicitly, and the private sector. We show that in the absence of costs, both players benefit from transparency
in the manner described previously in the literature, and point the differences in their gains. Following that, we then introduce
the fact that increasing transparency comes at some costs and show how both players face incentives to free ride on each other
as a result. The presence of costs thus alters the way in which greater transparency is attained.
相似文献
Marco HoeberichtsEmail: |
994.
Kanybek Nur-tegin 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2007,35(3):327-342
This paper evaluates the potential of transition economies for achieving sustainable improvements in living standards vis-à-vis
developing countries based on their productivity performance. The comparison is made using a bootstrapped Malmquist productivity
index and its technological and efficiency change components. The results of estimation indicate that transition economies
enjoy significantly higher increases in technical efficiency than developing countries with comparable rates of real GDP growth.
Therefore, these results suggest that the former group of countries may have better growth prospects than the latter group,
giving empirical support to Stern and Fries’ (Foreign Policy 111:164–165, 1998) optimism that transition economies are the “tiger” economies of tomorrow.
相似文献
Kanybek Nur-teginEmail: |
995.
Guntram B. Wolff 《Open Economies Review》2007,18(3):327-346
Foreign direct investment is of increasing importance in the European Union. This paper estimates the effect of taxes on foreign
direct investment (FDI) flows and on three sub-components of these flows for the countries of the enlarged European Union.
The model in the spirit of gravity equations robustly explains FDI flows between the 25 member states. Sample selection needs
to be addressed in the estimation. We show that the different subcomponents of FDI should and indeed do react differently
to taxes. After controlling for unobserved country characteristics and common time effects, the top statutory corporate tax
rate of both, source and host country, turn insignificant for total FDI and investment into equity. However, high source country
taxes clearly increase the probability of firms to re-invest profits abroad and lower the percentage of debt financed FDI.
This might reflect profit re-allocation to avoid taxes. Market size factors have the expected signs.
相似文献
Guntram B. WolffEmail: |
996.
In this study, we attempt to examine the possibility of emergence of significant fluctuations of the exchange rates in the
future for the candidate EMU countries. In doing so, we estimate the equilibrium rate of the nominal effective exchange rate
for Poland, Hungary, Slovak Republic and Malta through the BEER and PEER approaches. While the PEER-based estimation implies
a large misalignment rate for the Hungarian forint, the BEER-based analysis shows that the present exchange rates of the countries
considered do not deviate significantly from their equilibrium rates. As a consequence, based on BEER analysis, we do not
expect large fluctuations in the effective exchange rates among the currencies considered. Hence, the relevant effective exchange
rates are expected to be relatively stable. As a matter of fact, the entry of those countries into EMU is not expected to
weaken the stability of Euro.
相似文献
Nikolaos GiannellisEmail: |
997.
This paper provides some of the first empirical evidence on labour market adjustments to exchange rate movements in Canadian
manufacturing industries. Controlling for endogeneity using generalized method of moments estimation, it is found that during
the 1981–1997 period, exchange movements have a substantial impact on labour input and that this impact has grown over time
as the manufacturing industries have become more exposed to trade. In contrast, the exchange rate effect on real wages is
estimated to be virtually zero for all manufacturing industries.
相似文献
Terence YuenEmail: |
998.
Michael J. Hicks 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2007,35(1):77-95
This research estimates fiscal impacts of Wal-Mart in Ohio from 1985 through 2003. Using a panel of counties, and accounting
for spatial autocorrelation in an instrumental variable model I estimate impact of Wal-Mart and Super-Centers on selected
revenues and transfer payments. Among the findings is that the presence of a Wal-Mart increases local commercial property
tax assessments resulting in collection increases of between $350,000 and $1.3 million. There is also an 18–43% reduction
in per capita EITC claims in a county. However, Medicaid expenditures experience growth which amount to roughly 16 additional
cases attributable to a single Wal-Mart. The magnitude and statistical certainty of these findings, suggests that local fiscal
intervention, either through incentives or a “Wal-Mart Tax” is unwarranted.
相似文献
Michael J. HicksEmail: |
999.
This paper utilizes calculated historical volatility and GARCH models to compare the historical price volatility behavior
of crude oil, motor gasoline and heating oil in U.S. markets since 1990. We incorporate a shift variable in the GARCH/TARCH
models to capture the response of price volatility to a change in OPEC’s pricing behavior. This study has three major conclusions.
First, there was an increase in volatility as a result of a structural shift to higher crude oil prices after April 1999.
Second, volatility shocks from current news are not important since GARCH effects dominate ARCH effects in the variance equation.
Third, persistence of volatility in all commodity markets is quite transitory, with half-lives normally being a few weeks.
相似文献
Thomas K. LeeEmail: |
1000.
This paper presents a model to explain the official discount rate of the Central Bank of Austria–Hungary from 1876 to 1913.
The discount rate is assumed to depend on the liquidity ratio of the Bank, defined as the ratio of its stock of metals to
banknotes issued, and on changes in foreign discount rates. The paper also presents an equation explaining the liquidity ratio.
We use “not equally spaced chronologically ordered data” referring to the 50 discount rate changes enacted. The regressions
confirm that the liquidity ratio was the main determinant of the discount rate and that Germany (and not Great Britain) played
a significant role in determining the Austro–Hungarian discount rate and the liquidity ratios, supporting the view that the
classical gold standard was a decentralized multipolar system rather than a system fully dominated by London as suggested
by Keynes. The regressions also suggest that, although Austria–Hungary had an inconvertible paper currency (1879–1892) and
fluctuating exchange rates (1876–1895) and formally joined the gold standard only in 1902, it “shadowed” the behaviour of
gold standard Central Banks with such consistency that the stability of the estimated regressions was relatively unaffected
by the frequent institutional changes.
相似文献
Jürgen WoltersEmail: |