Speculations about geopolitics in the late 21st century

Speculations are made about the global power balance in the next century. The time frame is 50–100 years and the driving forces are economic, technological, and natural resource availability. It is believed that three dominant coalitions will emerge: a Western hemisphere maritime grouping led by the US and including the UK; a European grouping dominated by France and Germany; and an East and South Asia grouping led by Japan and including India. The underlying motivation for these alignments is the postulated failure of the World Trade Organization to achieve long-term global free trade. A short-term policy recommendation to upgrade the buying power of Western hemisphere consumer populations is developed from the analysis.     

Integrated production planning with sequence-dependent family setup times

This paper proposes an integrated optimization model of aggregate production planning (APP), family disaggregation planning, and family scheduling problems in hierarchical production planning (HPP) systems considering sequence-dependent family setup times. The model obtains the optimal production plan for each product type and product family in each period, together with the globally optimal production sequence of product families in all planning periods. The proposed model is tested with randomly generated experimental data consistent with what is prevalent in the manufacturing industry and its results are compared with those of the traditional HPP models. Our results show that the integrated model realizes greater cost savings.     

Corporate Integrity and Public Interest: A Relational Approach to Business Ethics and Leadership

This paper approaches the question of corporate integrity and leadership from a civic perspective, which means that corporations are seen as members of civil society, corporate members are seen as citizens, and corporate decisions are guided by civic norms. Corporate integrity, from this perspective, requires that the communication patterns that constitute interpersonal relationships at work exhibit the civic norm of reciprocity and acknowledge the need for security and the right to participate. Since leaders are members of corporate relationships, their integrity will be determined by the integrity of these interpersonal relationships, and by their efforts to improve them.     

Product Shape as a Design Innovation Strategy

Product design has become an effective competitive tool in the hands of a number of companies. Marvin Berkowitz discusses the impact of design variations on a proven winner in the marketplace. This article discusses the use of product shape as an element of innovation strategy in food processing. Can this particular design dimension be used to achieve differentiation from competitive products? The article explores how one company is attempting to capitalize on consumer trends for fitness and nutrition by designing its products with natural looking shapes. The research more generally probes how easy to spot design cues, like shape, are used by consumers to infer more important, but less readily accessible attributes like taste, softness, comfort and speed. Good design not only adds sales appeal, but encourages trading up, provides a basis for market segmentation, and for building a larger line from the same engineering investment.     

Land use in a circular city

This paper is concerned with optimal allocation of urban land to transportation. It attempts to extend the work of Solow and Vickrey, who posed this problem in an operationally one-dimensional long narrow city, to a two-dimensional circular city with a network of radial and circumferential roads. An interesting new problem arises, namely that travelers now have a choice of routes. Rules for optimal resource allocation are developed and analyzed. Assuming travel costs to be a strictly convex function of traffic density, it is shown that there is no travel through the center of an optimal city.     

The Impact of Seasonality on the Launch of Infrequently Purchased Products

Few published articles have dealt with the unique problems associated with the management of new, infrequently purchased products that exhibit seasonal patterns of demand. Marvin Berkowitz demonstrates how seasonality influences the performance of a new consumer durable good, a new brand of battery-operated lights, during a 2-year period following its launch. The data presented support four hypotheses: (I) the newest brands in a product category, when compared to dominant brands, will be subject to higher seasonal variation in consumer awareness, advertising recall, product attribute positioning, and purchase intent; (2) the relationship between seasonal effects and brand share within a product category will not be linear; (3) differences between product attributes for competing brands will be most apparent to consumers during periods of peak seasonal activity; and (4) perceptions of product attributes that are most important in the buying decision are subject to the least seasonal variation. The article also demonstrates how seasonal variations may be charted and discusses how this analysis contributes to the overall management of the new product.