Oppression, emancipation, and volunteer tourism: Research Propositions

This paper develops research propositions for volunteer tourism using a combination of critical theory and social movement theory as a foundation. As is often the case with emerging areas of research, a theoretical foundation has been difficult to establish in volunteer tourism. The inherent contradictions of volunteer tourism, particularly concerning the interplay of oppression/emancipation, dependency/resistance and dominant hegemony/agency beg to be deconstructed with a critical theory lens. Social movement theory then in turn offers a tool through which researchers can look to break the hermeneutic circle by examining good practices in volunteer tourism, particularly concerning potential improvements for all stakeholders in self-efficacy, resource networks, and consciousness-raising experiences. The paper culminates with a proposition model based on these theoretical perspectives.     

Cultural value,consumption value,and global brand image: A cross‐national study

In expanding their market to the global level with clear and consistent global brand images across nations, marketers are ever confronting the issue of how to deal with different cultural values. Cultural value is identified as an influential factor on brand image and is widely accepted as one of the crucial concepts in understanding consumer consumption value, which determines choices of consuming everyday products and services. Most firms endeavoring to establish and maintain consistent global brand images, however, adopt a standardized brand image strategy that usually does not consider individual target markets” characteristics, including the concepts of cultural value and consumption value. This study developed a conceptual framework which incorporated cultural value not only as a direct antecedent of brand image, but also as an indirect antecedent of brand image through consumption value, and empirically tested it using the category of apparel. Following this framework, this study hypothesized the differences in brand image, cultural value, and consumption value between the U.S. and South Korea. Data were gathered through surveying university students residing in the San Francisco and Seoul metropolitan areas using a convenience sampling method. A total of 329 completed questionnaires were used in factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results provide insights into standardized brand image strategies and suggest some implementable tools that might prove effective in both countries. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Generalization practices in qualitative research: a mixed methods case study

The purpose of this mixed methods case study was to examine the generalization practices in qualitative research published in a reputable qualitative journal. In order to accomplish this, all qualitative research articles published in Qualitative Report since its inception in 1990 (n =  273) were examined. A quantitative analysis of the all 125 empirical qualitative research articles revealed that a significant proportion (i.e., 29.6%) of studies involved generalizations beyond the underlying sample that were made inappropriately by the author(s). A qualitative analysis identified the types of over-generalizations that occurred, which included making general recommendations for future practice and providing general policy implications based only on a few cases. Thus, a significant proportion of articles published in Qualitative Report lack what we call interpretive consistency.     

Book review

Tourism Marketing. By Salah Wahab, Jack Crampon, and L. Rothfield. London, England: Tourism International, 1976. 273 pp. U.S. $16.00

Tourism in the Bahamas and Bermuda: Two Case Studies. By Brian H. Archer. Bangor, Wales: University of Wales Press, 1977. Pp. ix, 87. £3.25

Park Planning Handbook: Fundamentals of Physical Planning for Parks and Recreation Areas. By Monty L. Christiansen. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977. Pp. xiv, 413. Hardcover: $18.95

Educating for Leisure‐Centered Living. By Charles K. Bright‐bill and Tony A. Mobley. (2nd Edition—Revised). New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1977. Pp. viii, 128. Paperback: $4.95

Private and Commercial Recreation: A Text and Reference. By Arlin F. Epperson. New York: John Wiley & Sons Publishing Company, Inc., 1977. Pp. 385. Hardcover: $15.95

The Economic Impact of Parks. A report prepared for the Federal/Provincial Parks Conference. By the Canadian Outdoor Recreation Research Committee. Toronto: Ontario Research Council on Leisure, 1975. Pp. 107. $4.50

A Model for Planning and Managing National Parks. By Laurence Prosser. Center of Leisure Studies, University of Oregon, 1977. Pp. 456. $25.00

Delivery of Community Leisure Services: An Holistic Approach. By James F. Murphy and Dennis R. Howard. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1977. Pp. vii, 219. Paperback: $9.75

Recreation Leadership. 3rd edition. By Maryhelen Vannier. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1977. Pp. 387. Hardcover: $12.50

Leisure: An Introduction. Edited by Hilmi Ibrahim and Fred Martin. Los Alamitos: Hwong Publishing Company, 1977. Pp. 360

Outdoor Recreation in America: Trends, Problems and Opportunities. 3rd edition. By Clayne R. Jensen. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company, 1977. Pp. 269. Hardcover: $12.95

A Research Study into Provision for Recreation in the Highlands and Islands: Phase 1—Areas Affected by Oil‐Related Development. Research Reports 22, 23, and 31. Tourism and Recreation Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1976 and 1977. Pp. 339, 411, and 145.

Research Study into Provision for Recreation in the Highlands and Islands: Phase 2—Regional Perspective: A Commentary by J. A. Long, J. T. Coppock, and B. S. Duffield. Research Report 37. Tourism and Recreation Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 1978. 110 pp.

The Environmental Impact of Outdoor Recreation. By Geoffrey Wall and Cynthia Wright. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Department of Geography Publication Series, Faculty of Environmental Studies. 1977, 69 pp. $5.00.

Avocational Counseling Manual—A Complete Guide to Leisure Guidance. By Robert Overs, Sharon Taylor, and Catherine Adkins. Washington, D.C.: Hawkins and Associates, Inc., 1977, 203 pp.

Leisure and Recreation: Introduction and Overview. By Clayne R. Jensen. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1977, 295 pp. Paperback $13.50.

The Joy of Sport. By Michael Novak. New York: Basic Books, 1976. Pp. 358. $10.95     

Transatlantic Similarities and Contrasts in Rural Development PoliciesTransatlantische Ähnlichkeiten und Gegensätze bei den Politiken zur Entwicklung des ländlichen RaumsPoints communs et divergences transatlantiques sur le développement rural

Transatlantic Similarities and Contrasts in Rural Development Policies
The United States (US) and European Union (EU) share many general policy aims for rural areas, but they differ in the ways in which they try to achieve these aims. The principal difference lies in the role envisioned by agriculture in overall rural development. EU policies treat agriculture as a provider of public goods, and many of its 'rural' programmes target agriculture. In the US, very few Federal rural development programs are focused solely on agriculture. Differences of approach may be linked to different farm distributions, population densities, historical settlement patterns, and the historical policy process per se . In particular, in the US rural development policy does not cover the environment or income support to farmers; these are addressed through other programmes. In contrast, the EU classifies its agri-environmental programmes as rural development, claiming that more environmentally-friendly farm practices bring benefits to the broader rural economy. US State and local initiatives emphasize many themes found in the EU's Pillar II programmes, such as value-added or sustainable agriculture. Overall, although there are marked differences in the ways in which policies are implemented, the coverage of these policies in the EU and US is rather similar.     

Interfirm Modularity and Its Implications for Product Development*

Industries characterized by interfirm modularity, in which the component products of different firms work together to create a system, are becoming increasingly widespread. In such industries, the existence of a common architecture enables consumers to mix and match the products of different firms. Industries ranging from stereos, cameras, and bicycles to computers, printing, and wireless services are now characterized by interfirm modularity. While the increasing presence of this context has been documented, the implications for the product development process remain underdeveloped. For the present study, in‐depth field‐based case studies of seven firms experiencing an environment of interfirm modularity were conducted in order to deepen understanding of this important phenomenon. What unique challenges did this context pose and why? What solutions did firms experiment with, and which seemed to work? Based on an inductive process of data analysis from these case studies, three primary categories of challenges raised by this environment were identified. First, firms were frustrated at their lack of control over the definition of their own products. The set of features and functions in products were constrained to a great extent by an architecture that the firm did not control. Second, while an environment of interfirm modularity should in theory eliminate interdependencies among firms since interfaces between products are defined ex‐ante, the present study found, ironically, that interdependencies were ubiquitous. Interdependencies continually emerged throughout the product development process, despite efforts to limit them. Third, firms found that the quantity and variegated nature of external relationships made their management exceedingly difficult. The sheer complexity was daunting, given both the size of the external network as well as the number of ties per external collaborator. Partners with whom control over the architecture was shared often had divergent interests—or at least not fully convergent interests. The solutions to these challenges were creative and in many cases counter to established wisdom. For instance, research has suggested many ways for a firm to influence architectural standards. While the firms in the present sample followed some of this advice, they also focused on a more neglected aspect of architecture—the compliance and testing standards that accompany modules and interfaces. By concentrating their efforts in a different area, even smaller firms in this sample were able to have some influence. Instead of focusing on the elimination of interdependencies, it was found that firms benefited from concentrating on the management of interdependencies as they emerged. Finally, while layers of management and “bureaucracy” are often viewed as unproductive, these firms found that adding structure, through positions such as Relationship Manager, was highly beneficial in handling the coordination and control of a wide range of external relationships.     

Using Information Communication Technology to Develop International Entrepreneurship Competencies

Many researchers claim that the use of web-based learning tools and information and communication technology (ICT) will revolutionize traditional learning methods in university contexts and fundamentally change the process of how knowledge is gathered and disseminated. However, there are conflicting views regarding the benefits of these techniques and actual learning outcomes. This paper posits that by using ICT and particularly the Web as a dynamic and integrating learning tool, several strategic competencies can be deployed and that the international knowledge, skills and competencies of entrepreneurship students can be radically enhanced. In light of an extensive literature review on research in the field, suggestions are provided for using the Web as a comprehensive teaching tool.     

Public inputs and child schooling in Brazil

Household data from a one percent sample of the 1970 Brazilian census are used to analyze the effect of public inputs, i.e., the ‘supply’ of schooling, on children's school attainment in Brazil. The household data are combined with measures of school availability and quality derived directly from the same census data; the measures are based on the income and education of schoolteachers in each of 169 different areas of the country. Elasticities of demand with respect to these public inputs are estimated; these elasticities are high in both rural and urban areas. In urban areas, the positive effect of public inputs is greater for children from households with poorer and less-educated parents. In rural areas, the positive effect of public inputs is greater, if anything, for children from households that are relatively better off, at least compared to other rural households.     

Managing organizational diversity: Observations from cross-border acquisitions

This article examines the processes used over the course of a decade by a European firm managing organizationally diverse acquisitions. The parent company used various human resource management and structural approaches that tolerated diversity while allowing for learning to occur within parent and acquired firms. The parent also provided opportunities for the acquired firms to find their own approaches to working together and integrating, rather than imposing any particular approach on the acquired firms. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.