Japanese Barley Imports: Implications of the 1988 Japanese Beef Market Access Agreement

A two-stage budgeting procedure is employed to analyze the Japanese import demand for barley and the allocation of Japanese barley imports between North America (Canada and the United States) and Australia. It is found that the import demand for barley is price inelastic and that corn is a substitute for barley. Japanese barley imports are also influenced by size of the cattle herd and the number of cattle slaughtered. Price competition plays a significant role in import allocation, and budget shares of the two suppliers are proportional to total import expenditure. Since April 1991, import quotas and the involvement of the Livestock Industry Promotion Corporation (a quasi-government agency) in the Japanese beef trade have been replaced with higher tariffs and direct negotiations between traders. These changes promise easier access to the Japanese beef market and have been predicted to exert adverse impacts on the Japanese cattle industry. Different responses of the Japanese cattle industry under trade liberalization are assumed and are combined with the estimated econometric models to forecast Japanese barley imports in total and by country of origin. The effect of a reduced price for North American barley is also investigated, since reduced total imports under trade liberalization may intensify price competition. Une procédure budgétaire en deux étapes permet d'analyser la demande d'orge à l'importation au Japon et l'allocation des importations japanaises d'orge entre l'Amérique du Nord (le Canada et les Etats-Unis) et l'Australie. Les résultats indiquent que la demande d'orge à l'importation est inélastique par rapport au prix et que le maïs est un substitut pour l'orge. Les importations japonaises d'orge sont aussi fonction de la taille du troupeau global au Japon et du nombre d'animaux abattus. La concurrence par les prix joue un rôle important dans l'allocation des importations entre les deux pays. De plus, les parts du budget allouées aux deux zones fournisseurs sont proportionnelles à la dépense total sur les importations. Depuis avril 1991, les quotas à l'importation et l'implication de la corporation para-étatique (Livestock Industry Promotion Corporation) dans le commerce japonais du boeuf ont été remplacés par des tarifs plus élevés et des négotiations directes entre les commercants du marché international. Ces modifications devraient faciliter l'accès au marché japonais du boeufet tel qu'attendu pourront avoir des effets néfastes sur le secteur bovin japonais. Plusieurs scénarios simulant la réponse de l'industrie bovine japonaise à la libéralisation des échanges sont proposés et sont utilisés en conjonction avec un modèle économétrique pour effectuer des prévisions du niveau total des importations d'orge au Japon ainsi que le pays d'origine de celles-ci. L'impact d'une réduction du prix de l'orge en Amérique du Nord est aussi considéré, puisqu'une réduction des importations totales suite à la libéralisation des échanges pourrait intensifier la concurrence par les prix.     

让企业网络门户更有价值

明智的公司和经理们使用网络门户后,发现他们的操作成本下降了而商务运做水平却得到了全面的提升     

ECONOMICS: BETWEEN PREDICTION AND CRITICISM

We suggest that one way in which economic analysis is useful is by offering a critique of reasoning. According to this view, economic theory may be useful not only by providing predictions, but also by pointing out weaknesses of arguments. It is argued that when a theory requires a nontrivial act of interpretation, its roles in producing predictions and offering critiques vary in a substantial way. We offer a formal model in which these different roles can be captured.     

Least convex capacities

Summary. Debreu proposed the notion of `least concave utility' as a way to disentangle risk attitudes from the certainty preferences embedded in a von-Neumann Morgenstern index. This paper studies preferences under uncertainty, as opposed to risk, and examines a corresponding decomposition of preference. The analysis is carried out within the Choquet expected utility model of preference and is centered on the notion of a least convex capacity. Received: May 7, 1997; revised version: November 5, 1997     

Dominant Firm Pricing with Competitive Entry and Regulation: The Case of IntraLATA Toll

In this paper, we develop a generalized model of a dominant firm-competitive fringe industry in which products are differentiated, costs vary across suppliers, and the dominant firm is subject to alternative regulatory regimes. The model yields an equilibrium condition that can be tested empirically using data on Bell Operating Companies' pricing of intraLATA toll telephone service. Estimation of a reduced form price equation provides strong support for the theoretical model. Of particular interest, the results suggest that dominant firm (Bell Operating Company) toll prices are driven down by the presence of actual and potential fringe competitors (interexchange carriers) when entry is authorized by the state. Additionally, the results fail to provide evidence that the introduction of incentive regulation or price-cap regulation has reduced intraLATA toll prices.     

International price competitiveness of Australia's MICE industry

A special‐interest tourist market that holds out great promise for continued growth well into the next century is that of MICE (meetings, incentives, conventions, exhibitions). At the same time, changing prices in particular destinations relative to others are regarded as one of the most important economic influences on destination shares of total international tourism flows. The question arises as to the price competitiveness of major competing MICE destinations. Although earlier research has recognised that a destination's price competitiveness differs according to a visitor's country of origin there has been relatively little attention paid to tourism price competitiveness from the perspective of those having different motives for travel. This paper has four major aims: first, to provide a method by which price competitiveness of tourism by journey purpose can be estimated; second, to construct price competitiveness indices that measure, absolutely and relative to major competitors world‐wide, the price competitiveness of Australia's MICE tourism industry; third, to compare Australia's price competitiveness as a MICE destination with its price competitiveness for total inbound tourism; fourth, to discuss the implications of the results for travel and tourism decision‐makers in both the private and public sectors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.