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41.
Earlier empirical literature has examined some long‐ and medium‐term aspects of macro‐fiscal volatility while leaving its short‐term fiscal impact unexplored. To help fill that gap, we examine the impact of macro‐fiscal volatility on the composition of public spending. To that end, we analyse a panel of 10 EU countries during 1991–2007. Our results suggest that increases in the volatility of regularly‐collected and cyclical revenues such as the VAT and income taxes tend to tilt the expenditure composition in favour of public investment. In contrast, increases in the volatility of ad hoc taxes such as capital taxes tend to favour public consumption spending, albeit only a little. We interpret such volatility innovations as conveying news to the fiscal policymaker about the underlying economic conditions, with especially regularly‐collected and cyclical taxes prompting short‐term cyclical fine‐tuning. 相似文献
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Adaptive economic growth 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
This paper develops an evolutionary theory of adaptive growth,understood as a product of structural change and economic self-transformation,based upon processes that are closely connected with but notreducible to the growth of knowledge. The dominant connectingtheme is enterprise, the innovative variations it generatesand the multiple connections between investment, innovation,demand and structural transformation in the market process.The paper explores the dependence of macroeconomic productivitygrowth on the diversity of technical progress functions andincome elasticities of demand at the industry level, and theresolution of this diversity into patterns of economic changethrough market processes. It is shown how industry growth ratesare constrained by higher-order processes of emergence thatconvert an ensemble of industry growth rates into an aggregaterate of growth. The growth of productivity, output and employmentare determined mutually and endogenously, and their values dependon the variation in the primary causal influences in the system. 相似文献
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A new test for time‐dependent parameters is proposed. The Trig‐test is based on a trigonometric expansion to approximate the unknown functional form of the variation in the parameters concerned. It is shown to have the correct empirical size and excellent power to detect structural breaks and stochastic parameter variation. The appropriate use of the Trig‐test is demonstrated by testing for structural breaks in the US inflation rate. The test detects a statistically significant increase in the US inflation rate beginning in the early 1970s and lasting through to the early 1980s. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Combinatorial auctions provide an important tool for mechanism design in multi-agent systems. When implemented they require to solve combinatorial optimization problems such as set packing and partitioning problems. We present in this paper an analysis of the complexity of the problem to assign bids to bidders in combinatorial auctions. We show that the case of identical assets can be solved in polynomial time. The case of non-identical assets is in its general version NP-hard. Extra structure, like a complete ordering of assets, or mild side conditions make the problem solvable. Finally, we present an algorithm to solve small and medium sized instances in a limited time using standard software. 相似文献
48.
Zambian growth failure is often related to the resource curse. This article evaluates not only this claim, but also whether the new institutional theory can account for Zambia's economic decline. Little empirical support is found for the terms of trade or volatility versions of the resource curse theory, and there is only slightly more support for relative price versions of the theory. Turning to the new institutional theory, the article quantifies the poor quality of institutions in Zambia using a measure for contract intensive money, and supports the hypothesis that ‘poor quality’ institutions, and especially the failure to protect property and contract rights, played an important role in Zambia's economic decline. Examples are given to support this claim. 相似文献
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Stan Malos 《Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal》2012,24(1):23-36
The worldwide economic downturn has seen a reversal in previous trends toward offshore staffing and an increase in protectionism
toward home country labor. However, employers in the U.S. face potential legal liability if they favor American citizens over
authorized foreign guest workers in layoffs, pay decisions, and other such actions. Thus far, employers have succeeded in
defending most discrimination claims involving citizenship or immigration status—which often are made by out-of-work plaintiffs
unable to afford legal representation—on technical grounds such as faulty pleading, failure to exhaust administrative remedies,
filing with the wrong administrative agency, or mischaracterizing immigration claims as ones involving national origin status.
These results notwithstanding, a closer reading of the cases suggests that substantive liability may be a matter of growing
concern as plaintiffs or their counsel learn to correct such errors. The issues are important to both sides of the employment
relationship in today’s global labor market; foreign guest workers will want to better understand their responsibilities and
rights, while businesses will want to better manage their legal risks. Because little if any scholarly research has addressed
these matters, an exploratory case law review is presented in an effort to identify trends in fact patterns that have generated
such issues. Based on the results, practical recommendations are offered for improving the management of U.S. employment relationships
that involve foreign guest workers. 相似文献