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71.
What happened to poverty in India in the 1990s has been fiercelydebated, both politically and statistically. The debate hasrun parallel to the wider debate about globalization and povertyin the 1990s and is also an important part of that debate. Theeconomic reforms of the early 1990s in India were followed byrates of economic growth that were high by historical standards.The effects on poverty remain controversial, however. The officialnumbers published by the government of India, showing an accelerationin the rate of poverty reduction from 36 percent of the populationin 1993/94 to 26 percent in 1999/2000, have been challengedfor showing both too little and too much poverty reduction.The various claims have often been frankly political, but thereare also many important statistical issues. The debate, reviewedin this article, provides an excellent example of how politicsand statistics interact in an important, largely domestic debate.Although there is no consensus on what happened to poverty inIndia in the 1990s, there is good evidence both that povertyfell and that the official estimates of poverty reduction aretoo optimistic, particularly for rural India. The issues coveredin this article, although concerned with the measurement ofpoverty in India, have wide international relevancediscrepanciesbetween surveys and national accounts, the effects of questionnairedesign, reporting periods, survey nonresponse, repair of imperfectdata, choice of poverty lines, and interplay between statisticsand politics. 相似文献
72.
关于威权政体的转型研究,各种跨区域的比较有一定的价值,但是区域内的比较更加有用.区域研究和比较研究之间并不存在严格的分界线.那种认为有关转型国家的区域研究孤立于比较政治学之外的观点,是没有多少根据的.转型学的方法并不一定具有非常重要的价值. 相似文献
73.
The paper investigates whether Indonesia's recent currency crisis was due to domestic fundamentals, common external shocks ("monsoons"), or contagion from neighboring countries. Markov switching models attribute speculative pressure on Indonesia's currency to domestic political and financial factors and contagion from speculative pressures in Thailand and Korea. In particular, the results from a time-varying transition probability Markov switching model (which overcomes some drawbacks of previous methods) show that inclusion of exchange rate pressures from Thailand and Korea in the transition probabilities improves the conditional probabilities of crisis in Indonesia. The paper also finds evidence of contagion in the stock market. 相似文献
74.
States and Markets: The Advantage of an Early Start 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
In this paper, an index of the depth of experience with state-level institutions, or state antiquity, is derived for a large set of countries. We show that state antiquity is significantly correlated with measures of political stability and institutional quality, with income per capita, and with the rate of economic growth between 1960 and 1995. State antiquity contributes significantly to the explanation of differences in growth rates, explaining half of the differences in growth rates between countries like China and Mauritania, which are located at the two ends of the spectrum. It is also a good instrument for social infrastructure, which explains cross-country differences in worker productivity. 相似文献
75.
Summary We investigate the function of liquid financial markets for the allocation of productive capital. We consider an economy where agents endogenously choose among capital production technologies with differing gestation periods. Long-gestation capital investments must be rolled-over in secondary capital markets. The use of such investment technologies therefore requires the support of liquid financial markets. We investigate how changes in the liquidity of these markets (i.e., in the costs of transacting) affect (a) the choice of capital production technology, (b) per capita income and the per capita capital stock, (c) the level of financial market activity, (d) the real return on savings and (e) welfare in a steady state equilibrium. Improvements in financial market liquidity raise rates of return on savings, and favor the increased use of long gestation capital investments. However, such improvements may or may not lead to higher levels of real activity or steady state welfare. We describe conditions under which various outcomes occur.We have benefited from the comments of seminar participants at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, the International Monetary Fund, Berkeley, Boston College, Boston University, Brown, Chicago, Illinois, Miami, UC San Diego, Simon Fraser, University of British Columbia, University of Washington, Yale, the Canadian Macro Study Group Meetings, the Murrary S. Johnson Conference (University of Texas/Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas), and the Far West Rotating Economic Theory Conference. We would also like to thank John Bryant, Andreas Hornstein, Dan Peled, Bill Schworm, Karl Shell, Bart Taub and an anonymous referee for their comments on an earlier draft of the paper. 相似文献
76.
77.
Nanxin Li Yanni Hao Valerie Koo Anna Fang Miranda Peeples Andrew Kageleiry 《Journal of medical economics》2016,19(4):414-423
Objective:To analyze medical costs and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) associated with everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy among post-menopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive, human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2?) metastatic breast cancer (mBC).Methods:Patients with HR+/HER2? mBC who discontinued a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor and began a new line of treatment with everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy (index therapy/index date) between July 20, 2012 and April 30, 2014 were identified from two large claims databases. All-cause, BC-related, and adverse event (AE)-related medical costs (in 2014 USD) and all-cause HRU per patient per month (PPPM) were analyzed for both treatment groups across patients’ first four lines of therapies for mBC. Adjusted differences in costs and HRU between the everolimus and chemotherapy treatment group were estimated pooling all lines and using multivariable generalized linear models, accounting for difference in patient characteristics.Results:A total of 3298 patients were included: 902 everolimus-treated patients and 2636 chemotherapy-treated patients. Compared to chemotherapy, everolimus was associated with significantly lower all-cause (adjusted mean difference?=?$3455, p?<?0.01) and BC-related ($2510, p?<?0.01) total medical costs, with inpatient ($1344, p?<?0.01) and outpatient costs ($1048, p?<?0.01) as the main drivers for cost differences. Everolimus was also associated with significantly lower AE-related medical costs ($1730, p?<?0.01), as well as significantly lower HRU (emergency room incidence rate ratio [IRR]?=?0.83; inpatient IRR?=?0.74; inpatient days IRR?=?0.65; outpatient IRR?=?0.71; BC-related outpatient IRR?=?0.57; all p?<?0.01).Conclusions:This retrospective claims database analysis of commercially-insured patients with HR+/HER2? mBC in the US showed that everolimus was associated with substantial all-cause, BC-related, and AE-related medical cost savings and less utilization of healthcare resources relative to chemotherapy. 相似文献
78.
Peter Naudé Stephan C. Henneberg Stefanos Mouzas Carla Ramos Andrew Graves Valerie Crute 《Journal of Business Market Management》2009,3(3):151-170
There has been increasing attention focused on the importance of ‘solution selling’ in the often very close relationships
that characterize business-to-business marketing. While an extant predominantly product-centric view of solutions prevails
in the literature, this has recently been juxtaposed with a more process-oriented view. We review such a process-oriented
solution model briefly, and focus on the managerial challenge of how firms make this process-oriented approach work in practice.
We argue that, in parallel to adopting a process-oriented approach, companies also have to focus their attention specifically
on how to mobilize the different parties in order to amalgamate the perspectives and orientations between the interacting
counterparts. We propose an interaction process model of how this ‘collective mind’ is achieved, using as an example a study
of the United Kingdom’s Lean Aerospace Initiative (UK LAI), a large project with a specific solution in mind – improving the
global competitiveness of the UK’s Aerospace industry. We use our model to show how the three main groups of actors (Government
bodies, four Universities, and the aerospace companies themselves) interact in their pursuit of co-creating their collective
solutions. 相似文献
79.
Der Einfluss von Marketing Assets auf den Shareholder Value 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Zusammenfassung Marketer sehen sich zunehmend unter Erfolgs- und Rechtfertigungsdruck. Das Problem dabei: Der Erfolgsbeitrag von Marketing
Assets zum Unternehmenswert ist in Forschung und Praxis weitgehend unbekannt. Der folgende Beitrag deckt die Einflüsse von
Marketing Assets auf den Shareholder Value umfassend auf. Sie lernen eine Methode kennen, mit der die vielf?ltigen Einflüsse
integriert gemessen und überprüft werden k?nnen.
Prof. Dr. Mario Rese Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere Marketing, an der Ruhr-Universit?t Bochum und Mitglied der Faculty der
European School of Management and Technology Berlin
Dipl.-Kffr. Valerie Herter Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am gleichnamigen Lehrstuhl 相似文献
80.
Sieglinde Snapp Rachel Bezner Kerr Valerie Ota Dan Kane Lizzie Shumba Laifolo Dakishoni 《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2019,17(2):172-188
Crop diversity is a key principle of sustainable food production systems. Yet, inter and intra specific diversification is declining in many regions of the world. In Northern Malawi, a participatory action research project (Soils Food and Healthy Communities) has conducted agroecological co-learning with farmers for over a decade, providing an opportunity to explore farmer management, crop choice and variety selection practices. Farmers who participate receive seed for 0.10 ha of on-farm testing for one growing season and then decide whether to continue to grow the crop. Cropping system diversity, management practices and traits associated with crops grown and lost were assessed through interviews with 198 farm households (757 fields). We found an average of 1.3 species per field and 4.0 crops per farm. This is almost twice the level of diversity in other reports from Malawi smallholder farms. Farmers cited a wide range of preferred groundnut variety traits, as well as concerns (namely, high labour requirements). Both modern and local maize varieties are being grown and those retained were often associated with early maturity or preferred grain quality traits such as storability. Overall, farmers at this Northern Malawi agroecology education site are growing diverse crop mixtures that include traditional as well as modern varieties of maize and groundnut. 相似文献