Imports of intermediate goods and the efficacy of fiscal policy under flexible exchange rates

Zusammenfassung Die Einfuhr von Zwischenprodukten und die Wirksamkeit der Fiskalpolitik bei flexiblen Wechselkursen. — Gew?hnlich ist der Einflu\ der Fiskalpolitik auf eine offene Volkswirtschaft unter der Annahme untersucht worden, da\ nur Endprodukte international gehandelt werden. Die Krisen im Gefolge der starken ?lpreissteigerungen haben in Erinnerung gebracht, da\ diese Annahme unrealistisch ist, und daher die Frage aufgeworfen, ob und in welchem Umfang die früher gewonnenen Schlu\folgerungen gültig bleiben, falls ein Land auch Rohstoffe und Halbfabrikate einführt. In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt, da\ bei flexiblem Wechselkurs eine starke Tendenz dafür besteht, da\ solche Importe die Wirksamkeit der Fiskalpolitik verst?rken oder abschw?chen, je nachdem, ob es zu einer Aufwertung oder Abwertung der heimischen W?hrung kommt, und da\ insbesondere bei vollkommener internationaler Kapitalmobilit?t eine solche Politik nicht v?llig unwirksam ist.

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Résumé Les importations des biens intermédiaires et l’efficacité de la politique fiscale sous des conditions des taux de change flexibles. — Traditionellement l’effet de la politique fiscale sur une économie ouverte a été étudié sous la supposition que seulement les biens finaux sont internationalement commercés. Les crises après l’augmentation du prix pétrolier nous ont rappelés que cette supposition est peu réaliste et qu’on doit demander si et à quelle mesure les conclusions auparavant dérivées restent valables si un pays importe aussi des matières premières et des biens demi-finis. Dans cet article les auteurs démontrent que sous des taux de change flexibles il y a une forte tendance que telles importations renforcent ou atténuent l’efficacité de la politique fiscale selon qu’il en résulte une réévaluation ou une dévaluation de la monnaie du pays importatrice. Il est aussi montré que la politique fiscale ne devient pas complètement inefficace si la mobilité des capitaux internationaux est parfaite.

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Resumen Importaciones de bienes intermedios y la eficacia de la política fiscal bajo tipos de cambio flexibles. — Tradicionalmente el impacto de la política fiscal sobre una economía abierta ha sido estudiada bajo el supuesto que solamente los bienes finales son transados internacionalmente. Las crisis del petróleo nos han recordado que este supuesto no es realista y por tanto hizo surgir la pregunta si y en qué medida las conclusiones derivadas anteriormente permanecen válidas si un país también importa materias primas y productos semi-terminados. En el presente articulo se muestra que bajo tipos de cambio flexibles hay una fuerte tendencia de esas importaciones de aumentar o atenuar la eficacia de la política fiscal todas las veces que resulta en una revaluación o devaluación, respectivamente, de la moneda local y.especialmente, que no resulta completamente inefectiva con una perfecta movilidad internacional del capital.

     

Towards value-based pricing—An integrative framework for decision making

Despite a recent surge of interest, the subject of pricing in general and value-based pricing in particular has received little academic investigation. Yet, pricing has a huge impact on financial results, both in absolute terms and relative to other instruments of the marketing mix. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive framework for pricing decisions which considers all relevant dimensions and elements for profitable and sustainable pricing decisions. The theoretical framework is useful for guiding new product pricing decisions as well as for implementing price-repositioning strategies for existing products. The practical application of this framework is illustrated by a case study involving the pricing decision for a major product launch at a global chemical company.     

Purchasing professional services: A transaction cost view of the antecedents and consequences of purchasing formalization

Professional services represent an increasing share of expenditures in contemporary organizations. While these services are often of strategic importance, they are also perceived as being difficult to purchase and use, which creates challenges for the purchasing process. In order to address these challenges, organizations are increasingly engaging in systematic efforts to improve their ability to purchase professional services. These efforts focus on formalizing the purchasing process by introducing policies, guidelines, and other measures for the hiring of service suppliers. Based on a transaction cost economic framework, the current paper investigates the nature, antecedents and consequences of formalization initiatives in the purchasing of professional services. The results from a cross-sectional study of 76 large Swedish organizations show that the formalization of purchasing professional services takes two different forms: the formulation of policies and the establishment of preferred supplier agreements. The former is driven by company size, whereas the latter is driven by the frequency of purchase transactions. Only the establishment of policies, however, is found to be positively related to organizations' perceived ability to purchase professional services.     

What's the deal? An exploration of career management behaviour in Iceland

This article reports the findings of a longitudinal study that investigated the nature of the career deal in Iceland, chosen as a research setting because it potentially offers a very different career environment to that which exists in the UK and US, where most previous research examining contemporary careers has been conducted. The findings show that certain dimensions of the contemporary career deal shown to exist in the UK are less apparent in the Icelandic context. While a close reciprocal relationship between career self-management behaviour and organizational career management help does exist, other potential aspects of the deal are absent. In Iceland, individuals who get more help with managing their careers are more committed to their employer but this commitment does not imply that they will do more to manage their own careers with their current employer as result. In addition, no links were found between career management activities and job performance. In Iceland individuals do not engage in career self-management behaviour to any great extent and when they do, their behaviour does not seem to have the same kind of focus or meaning that it has been shown to have in the context of the contemporary career deal that exists in the UK.     

The New Keynesian Phillips curve with myopic agents

Empirical estimations of the New Keynesian Phillips curve support hybrid versions with a positive weight on lagged inflation and a weight less than one on expected inflation. We argue that myopic price setting of some agents explains the low weight on expected inflation. The lagged term can be explained by trend extrapolation if information about the future is costly. In a laboratory experiment we implement the Calvo (1983) microfoundations of the Phillips curve. Our hypotheses are supported by the experimental data. About half of the subjects set optimal Calvo prices while about a third is myopic.     

Ties that blind? How strong ties affect small business owner-managers’ perceived trustworthiness of their advisors

This research investigates how a strong personal relationship (strong tie) between a small business owner-manager and his professional or informal advisor affects the relationship between the advisor's recent performance and the owner-manager's perceptions of the advisor's trustworthiness in terms of ability, benevolence and integrity. A negative moderating effect could point to a ‘tie that blinds’: the owner-manager may be less critical in evaluating the advisor's perceived trustworthiness in light of their recent performance, because of the existing personal relationship. A conceptual model is constructed and examined with survey data comprising 153 young Finnish businesses. The results show that strong ties increase the owner-manager's perception of the advisor's integrity, disregarding their recent performance. For professional advisors, strong ties reduce the impact of recent performance in the owner-manager's evaluation of their ability. For informal advisors, a strong tie makes it more likely that their benevolence will be evaluated highly in light of their recent performance. While the results show that ‘ties can blind’ under certain circumstances, the limitations of the study raise the need for further research to specify these contextual factors and examine the causal link between the choice of advisor and business performance.     

Analyst Recommendations and Regulation: Scopes for European Policy Makers to Enhance Investor Protection

Investors rely on analyst recommendations when making investment decisions. Over the last few years, however, sell-side analysts have caught the attention of the supervisory authorities given their vulnerability to numerous conflicts of interest. In this paper, we empirically examine relevant regulatory measures that have an impact upon analysts’ activities, namely the market abuse directive and markets in financial instruments directive. We find that European regulators have primarily focused on mitigating conflicts of interest. However, to establish an environment of more sophisticated investor protection additional regulatory effort is required. Therefore, in this paper, we provide related empirical evidence and discuss proposals to correct regulatory shortcomings in order to strengthen investor protection in the European Union.     

Is innovation in pricing your next source of competitive advantage?

Few companies treat innovation in pricing as seriously as product innovation or business model innovation. However, after interviews with 50 executives and the analysis of pricing practices of 70 companies worldwide, our research suggests that innovation in pricing may be a company's most powerful—and, in many cases, least explored—source of competitive advantage. Innovation in pricing brings new-to-the-industry approaches to pricing strategies, to pricing tactics, and to the organization of pricing with the objective of increasing customer satisfaction and company profits; too many companies today see pricing as a win/lose proposition between themselves and their customers. Innovation in pricing breaks this deadlock and shows how to increase profits and customer satisfaction conjointly. As a result of our research, we present a canvas laying out more than 20 possible avenues for innovation in pricing, offering to any organization—regardless of size, industry, or nationality—a few key ideas on how to increase both profits and customer satisfaction.