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Patents were chosen in an era when modern public finance tools were unavailable. The same innovation outcomes can be achieved with higher welfare, if patent elements are replaced by modern features. This paper constructs two theoretical models of product innovation and simulates the welfare effects of replacing patents with an intertemporal-bounty arrangement. We find that replacing patents with this alternative has the potential to increase welfare in the United States through reform of pharmaceutical patents by $43.9-$194 billion when measured in present value terms (this is 0.3-1.3% of annual GDP) based on simulations involving four selected drug sectors. The potential to increase welfare would be higher if applied to the larger sector of drugs as a whole. In principal, patents could be replaced in other sectors as well. 相似文献
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Abstract The authors report a content analysis that assessed gender role portrayals in advertisements from highest circulation Japanese magazines. They found that, although some indigenous gender stereotyping was evident, several traits previously associated with Japanese women (devoted, obliging, rattle-brained, superstitious, thorough) were associated with men. Also, men were not linked with certain stereotypical male traits (autocratic, blustery, forgiving, generous, severe). Other findings included women being shown in a positive way as often as men. In terms of common international stereotypes, women were not associated with low priced products or portrayed as being more deferential than men. However, women still were portrayed as more concerned with appearance and as younger than men, were not depicted as product authorities, and were shown more often in sexist than in nonsexist depictions. 相似文献
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Earl Naumann 《Journal of Marketing Management》2013,29(9-10):878-900
Abstract Many research studies conclude that satisfaction is strongly and positively related to repurchase intentions and loyalty behaviour. However, companies are often faced with the perplexing question of why some customers, who are satisfied, still switch suppliers given the right circumstances. To answer this question, an exploratory research study was conducted in the facilities-management industry with business-to-business service customers. The study was conducted in two stages: an exploratory stage that focused on the industry as a whole, and a confirmatory stage that focused on lost customers from one specific company. It was found that switching motives and actual reasons for switching are quite different. Customers, despite being satisfied, are more likely to switch suppliers for price reasons than they originally stated. 相似文献
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H. Douglaas Jose Robert L. Christensen Earl I. Fuller 《Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie》1971,19(1):98-109
This paper concerns a procedure jor measuring the major economic risks and returns involved in forage production. Conventional static production economics was modified to permit the use of decision criteria under conditions of weather risk. Twenty-six years of rainfall data were analyzed to determine the expected mean number of days available for fieldwork ivithin each of three specified seasons. These seasons correspond with three critical forage production periods: e.g., (1) land preparation and planting, (2) hay harvest, and (3) corn silage harvest and fall plouiing. A probability distribution of days available for field operations was derived, and the number of days available in any one year was randomly selected from this distribution. Given the acreage involved and the machinery system, the days required to perform nine specified field operations were calculated. If the number of days required within a specified season exceeded the number of days available, the value of the crops produced was reduced by a set of yield reducing functions for each deficient day. Overhead and use-associated machinery costs uiere calculated, and net returns over machinery costs were determined for five machinery systems at 75,150, 225, and 300 acres. Cette publication montre une façon de mesurer les plus grands risques économiques et les profits provenant de la production fourragére. On a modifyé?économie de production conventionnelle et statique afin de tenir compte des critéres de décision utilisés sous les conditions de risques climatologiques. Les chutes de pluie ont été analysées sur une période de vingt-six ans afin de determiner la moyenne des jours disponibles au travail des champs, et ce, pour chacune des trois saisons specifiées. Ces saisons correspondent aux trois périodes critiques de la production fourragere: (1) la préparation du sol et le semis, (2) la récolte du foin, et (3) la récolte du maïs à ensiler et les labours ?automne. On a calculé la distribution probable des jours disponibles pour les travaux des champs et, de cette distribution, le nombre des jours disponibles fut choisi au hasard dans une quel-conque année. Selon une superfécie et un systéme dé machinerie determineés, le nombre de jours nécessaires à?exécution de neuf operations differéntes fut calculé. Lorsque le nombre de jour requis pour ?exécution des travaux ?une saison donnee dépasse le nombre de jours disponibles, la valeur des récoltes produites est réduite par une diminution de rende-ment de plusieurs facteurs, une diminution fonction du nombre de jours manquants. Les frais géneraux et les dépenses associées à?utilisation de la machinerie furent calculés. Les profits nets sur les dépenses de machinerie ont été déterminés pour chaque systéme ?equipement avec 75, 150, 225, et 300 âcres. 相似文献
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is charged with developing a Flight Operations Planning Schedule for Space Shuttle Operations in the 1980s. During this decade, NASA plans to launch up to thirty space shuttle flights per year when the program reaches the mature phase. Traditional planning techniques for space flights (PERT-type models) are inadequate for this task because of their inability to resolve conflicts arising from multiple demands for limited resources generated by numerous simultaneous projects (space flights). This paper describes a requirements planning system developed by the authors and adopted by NASA for this resource constrained multiple project scheduling problem. 相似文献
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Abstract. We investigate the limits of a mechanism for free trade area (FTA) formation that simultaneously satisfies internal industrialization targets. For arbitrary targets, we find necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee that the mechanism is efficient for member countries individually, even if other members do not implement the efficient policy. When the objective is conservative – designed to protect the level of industrialization previously achieved by the target industry – member countries are guaranteed gains from the efficient policy and their FTA participation. The analysis covers cases with transportation costs and explains why minimally restrictive rules of origin support efficiency and policy independence. 相似文献