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371.
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Zusammenfassung  Die Differenz von traditioneller Organisationstheorie und moderner Organisationstheorie offenbart eine weitere Unterscheidung. Es gibt eine Au?enbeobachterperspektive und eine Systeminnenperspektive. Die Perspektiven zwingen das Nachdenken über Organisationen in sehr unterschiedliche Formen — mit ganz unterschiedlichen Aussagen über die Funktionsweisen von Organisationen. Da beide Ans?tze teilweise von gegens?tzlichen Paradigmen ausgehen, besteht zun?chst nicht die M?glichkeit, sie zum besseren Verst?ndnis des Organisationsverhaltens gleichzeitig zu nutzen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt nun ein mit Autopoiesis, Selbst-Referenz und operationaler Geschlossenheit aufgeladenes neo-traditionelles Organisationsmodell vor. Dieses hat eine moderne Pr?gung, denn es verfügt über eine theoriegesicherte konstruktivistische Systeminnenperspektive. Und es hat eine traditionelle Pr?gung, denn Organisationsmitglieder verbleiben nach wie vor als Elemente in der Organisation — ohne die drei genannten Grunds?ulen der modernen Organisationstheorie zu besch?digen. Dr. Joachim F. Krink ist wissenschaftlicher Oberrat am Institut für ?ffentliche Wirtschaft und Personalwirtschaft der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakult?t der Universit?t Hamburg. Sein Forschungsgebiet ist Organisations- und Systemtheorie mit dem Schwerpunkt Funktionsmechanismen von Wirtschaftsorganisationen.  相似文献   
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In recent years, aircraft manufacturers have concentrated on developing new long-haul widebody aircraft, such as Airbus’s A380 and A350XWB and Boeing’s 787 and 747-8. The next challenge for manufacturers and suppliers is the development of new short- and medium-range single-aisle aircraft. This paper outlines how the challenges and quantified goals as developed by the Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in its Strategic Research Agenda would influence and contribute to the improvement of the next generation of civil transport aircraft. It continues with a discussion on possible aircraft requirements from the viewpoint of an aircraft operator. Subsequently, the most important technological elements available for the next generation single-aisle aircraft are briefly characterised. Using the Council’s objectives for CO2 emissions and noise, as an example it can be shown that a decoupling of air traffic growth and emissions/noise can be achieved.  相似文献   
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This article uses a new tailor-made data set to empirically investigate the link between firm age and the extensive and intensive margins of exports for the first time for Germany. Results turn out to be fully in line with theoretical considerations. Older firms are more often exporters, export more and more different goods to more different destination countries, and export to more distant destination markets.  相似文献   
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According to existing theory, MNCs with matrix structures are supposed to have more intra-organizational conflict than non-matrix firms. The present study uses a sample of 82 German MNCs to evaluate and reject this general hypothesis. Only MNCs with a product division by geographical region matrix structure support the hypothesis. Other types of matrix structure which contain a functional division dimension tend to have levels of intra-organizational conflict similar to elementary structures. The paper develops and proposes new logic and two propositions that explain which types of matrix structure lead to greater conflict and which do not. As more MNCs consider using matrix structures to implement increasingly complex strategies, a better understanding of conflict in matrix MNCs is important.  相似文献   
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With this article we present the first microeconometric analysis of the impact of a foreign acquisition on the target firm’s access to finance. By using a large database of German firms, we furthermore investigate for the first time the link between foreign ownership and access to finance in Germany, one of the world's leading target countries for FDI. We use newly available comprehensive panel data that we constructed from information collected by the German statistical offices and from credit rating scores supplied by the leading German credit rating agency. We find foreign-owned firms in German manufacturing on average to show slightly more financing restrictions than domestically owned enterprises, but this very small difference diminishes once unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account. We further demonstrate that one reason for this finding is the preference of foreign investors for targets with relatively low credit-worthiness. Although the likelihood of a foreign acquisition appears to be correlated with credit rating, there is no impact of foreign takeovers on the credit constraints of the target firms ex post and therefore no support for the hypothesis that foreign takeovers ease financial frictions.  相似文献   
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Surveys of consumption expenditure vary widely across many dimensions, including the level of reporting, the length of the reference period, and the degree of commodity detail. These variations occur both across countries and also over time within countries, with little current understanding of the implications of such changes for spatially and temporally consistent measurement of household consumption and poverty. A field experiment in Tanzania tests eight alternative methods of measuring household consumption, finding significant differences between consumption reported by the benchmark personal diary and other diary and recall formats. Under-reporting is particularly apparent for illiterate households and for urban respondents completing household diaries; recall modules measure lower consumption than a personal diary, with larger gaps among poorer households and for households with more adult members. Variations in reporting accuracy by household characteristics are also discussed and differences in measured poverty as a result of survey design are explored.  相似文献   
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