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991.
Economic openness, both in terms of increased international trade exposure and enhanced inter-firm networking, has been a
key element of China’s economic emergence since the implementation of market reforms and the “opening-up policy” over 30 years
ago. Unfortunately, these changes have also coincided with the increased incidence of bribery and corruption. Both in general,
and in the specific context of China, research on the relationship between a firm’s tendency toward openness and its propensity
to engage in bribery is scarce. This study seeks to fill this gap based on empirical evidence provided by a large sample of
Chinese firms. The findings of the study reveal that firms’ increased networking and openness tend to occur contemporaneously
with greater bribery and corruption. We suggest that this may be due to the misuse of guanxi-based networks that coincide
with the presence of firms’ open network strategies, heightened by the potential loss of resource and capability heterogeneity
(and hence reduced competitive advantages) in the context of openness. We further find that firms paying bribes do so as an
attempt to overcome unnecessary bureaucratic processes and ineffective institutional support that might tend to hinder their
development. 相似文献
992.
Viktor J. Vanberg 《Constitutional Political Economy》2011,22(1):1-20
The tension that is often seen to exist between the ideals of liberalism and of democracy is examined in this paper in light
of the distinction between two liberal outlooks at constitutional regimes, namely, on the one side, a liberal constitutionalism that focuses on the need to provide institutional safeguards of individual liberty as private autonomy and, on the other
hand, a constitutional liberalism that focuses on the need to respect the freedom of individuals to choose the constitutional environment in which they wish
to live. It is argued that a liberalism that consistently extends its fundamental ideal of individual sovereignty to the level
of constitutional choice can be reconciled with the basic democratic ideal of citizen sovereignty. 相似文献
993.
Chase E. Thiel Zhanna Bagdasarov Lauren Harkrider James F. Johnson Michael D. Mumford 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,107(1):49-64
Organizational leaders face environmental challenges and pressures that put them under ethical risk. Navigating this ethical
risk is demanding given the dynamics of contemporary organizations. Traditional models of ethical decision-making (EDM) are
an inadequate framework for understanding how leaders respond to ethical dilemmas under conditions of uncertainty and equivocality.
Sensemaking models more accurately illustrate leader EDM and account for individual, social, and environmental constraints.
Using the sensemaking approach as a foundation, previous EDM models are revised and extended to comprise a conceptual model
of leader EDM. Moreover, the underlying factors in the model are highlighted—constraints and strategies. Four trainable, compensatory
strategies (emotion regulation, self-reflection, forecasting, and information integration) are proposed and described that
aid leaders in navigating ethical dilemmas in organizations. Empirical examinations demonstrate that tactical application
of the strategies may aid leaders in making sense of complex and ambiguous ethical dilemmas and promote ethical behavior.
Compensatory tactics such as these should be central to organizational ethics initiatives at the leader level. 相似文献
994.
Jan-Benedict E. M. Steenkamp Inge Geyskens 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2012,40(2):252-270
Transaction cost economics (TCE) is probably the most widely accepted theory on how firms can gain competitive advantage through
efficient organization of their economic transactions. However, by focusing on the competitive environment in which companies
operate, it abstracts from the cultural context in which governance decisions are made. We study the cultural boundedness
of TCE using two seminal cultural theories: the political science/sociology framework of Inglehart and the management science
framework of Hofstede. We use these theories to develop (main-effect) hypotheses about the cultural contexts in which TCE
has higher predictive power as well as (interaction) hypotheses regarding particular cultural contexts that may inherently
be more inclined than others to adopt certain non-market governance modes if the market “fails.” Hypotheses are tested using
a meta-analysis on data collected from 128 studies from 12 countries on 3 continents, representing governance decisions of
60,926 companies. We find that TCE is a universal theory across all cultural contexts. This being said, we find that in societies
low on power distance and in societies characterized by a strong emphasis on secular-rational and self-expression values,
companies are more strongly guided in their governance decisions by economic, transaction-cost considerations than companies
in societies high on power distance and in countries that are characterized by traditional and survival values. Further, TCE’s
power to predict the specific type of non-market governance employed by the firm is systematically moderated by the national
culture in which the firm operates. The power of TCE for predicting hierarchical governance is higher in countries that rate
high on secular-rational values and on uncertainty avoidance and low on long-term orientation, whereas TCE is more diagnostic
for predicting relational governance in countries high on self-expression values and low on power distance and on uncertainty
avoidance. In sum, our meta-analysis provides support for our thesis that to fully understand governance choices made by firms,
we need to integrate TCE and cultural theory. While managers around the world are guided by economic considerations, the cultural
context in which they operate exerts a substantial—and predictable—contingent effect on their governance choices. 相似文献
995.
Summary. The study of evolutionary dynamics was so far mainly restricted to finite strategy spaces. In this paper we show that this
unsatisfying restriction is unnecessary. We specify a simple condition under which the continuous time replicator dynamics
are well defined for the case of infinite strategy spaces. Furthermore, we provide new conditions for the stability of rest
points and show that even strict equilibria may be unstable. Finally, we apply this general theory to a number of applications
like the Nash demand game, the War of Attrition, linear-quadratic games, the harvest preemption game, and games with mixed
strategies.
Received: June 25, 1999; revised version: January 31, 2000 相似文献
996.
997.
Gianluigi Guido M. Irene Prete Alessandro M. Peluso R. Christian Maloumby-Baka Carolina Buffa 《International Review of Economics》2010,57(1):79-102
The aim of the present study is to examine the role of ethical dimensions and product personality in the purchasing intention
of organic food products. The Prospect method (Caprara et al. in Test Psicomet Metodol 7(3–4):113–128, 2000), which integrates the Five factors model of personality (cf. Digman in Annu Rev Psychol 41(1):417–440, 1990) and the Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen in Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50(2):179–211, 1991) extended to an ethical dimension, was employed, by using a Structural Equation Modeling approach. Results showed that moral norms—i.e., personal beliefs regarding what is right or wrong (Parker et al. in Br J Soc Psychol, 34(2):127–137, 1995)—can be considered the main motivator of purchasing intention, and they are, in turn, affected by subjective norms and product personality traits of Naturalness and Authenticity. Marketing implications for firms operating in the organic food industry are discussed, in their intent to shift from a “niche”
market to a broader diffusion of these products. 相似文献
998.
Following the reform of energy sectors, some countries have used engineering norm models in incentive regulation of network
utilities. In 2003, Sweden adopted this approach to regulation of electricity distribution networks. This paper examines whether
the norm models represent the real networks and create incentives for performance improvement. We analyse data from 138 network
concession holders between 2000 and 2007. The results show that norm models are not adequate representations of real networks.
Also, utilities that perform better than their norm models tend to behave opportunistically. Finally, we find that private
utilities respond more strongly to incentives. 相似文献
999.
David E. Mills 《Review of Industrial Organization》2010,36(3):213-225
This paper investigates the exercise of market power by a large buyer who emerges via growth, merger, or group purchasing.
It explores the efficiency and redistributive effects of such an event when a competitive fringe of small buyers remains in
the market. Terms of trade, including those for small buyers, depend on structural conditions on the supply side of the market
and the nature of interactions between the newly emerged dominant buyer and suppliers. Predicted aggregate welfare effects
have implications for antitrust. 相似文献
1000.
Sema Soygenis Emine Erktin 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2010,20(4):403-415
This paper discusses the Archimath programme, which was designed to develop awareness of the built environment in elementary
school students, and to initiate an effort to improve it. Acknowledging the relationship between education and awareness of
the environment, the programme was constructed for use with elementary school students selected from fourth to eighth grades,
as an integrated mathematics and architecture programme. It includes topics from an introductory course for architecture majors
and from the elementary mathematics curriculum. The programme was implemented in several pilot schools in Istanbul and was
evaluated in accordance with activity sheets, pre- and post-perception tests, and the views and comments of the teachers who
carried out the programme. It was revised and reorganized in accordance with this feedback and then implemented again on different
groups of students in the selected schools. This paper discusses how the programme was conceived and developed. 相似文献