Employee Participation,Ownership, and Productivity: A Theoretical Framework

A new conceptual framework to define and differentiate among diverse forms of employee ownership is developed. Two central rights associated with ownership, return and control rights, are identified. Their impact on individual motivation, individual performance, organizational structural variables and organizational performance is evaluated. We show how, over certain ranges of combinations of control and return rights, the relationship between alternative ownership arrangements and organizational performance may be nonlinear. The implications for the introduction of employee ownership and the evaluation of empirical work are considered.     

Determinants of the Choice of Accounting for Investments in Associated Companies*

Abstract. The Australian standard on investments in associated companies first took effect in 1984. It prohibited the use of equity accounting in the primary financial statements but required the provision of supplementary equity accounting disclosures. Prior to this, firms voluntarily adopted either of the alternative cost and equity methods in their primary financial statements. This paper contributes to the positive accounting literature by analyzing the accounting policy choice of listed Australian companies in the first year in which the standard took effect. Noncompliance with the standard took the form of either adopting the equity method in the primary financial statements or using the cost method without supplementary disclosures. We focus on the choice of noncompliance procedures. The results support the contractual efficiency but not the alternative opportunistic behavior perspective on accounting method choice. They indicate that the choice is associated with the proportion of listed associates, the materiality of investments in associates, and the existence of guarantees but not with the degree of ownership nor the number of associates. Résumé. La premiére norme australienne au sujet des participations dans des sociétés apparentées remonte à 1984. Cette norme proscrit le recours à la méthode de la comptabilisation à la valeur de consolidation dans les états financiers de base, tout en exigeant la présentation d'information complémentaire préparée selon cette méthode. Auparavant, la comptabilisation des participations à la valeur d'acquisition ou à la valeur de consolidation était laissée à la discrétion des entreprises dans leurs états financiers de base. Les auteurs ajoutent ici aux écrits portant sur la théorie comptable positive en analysant le choix des méthodes comptables effectué dans les sociétés australiennes dont les valeurs sont cotées, au cours de la première année d'existence de la norme. Le non-respect de la norme se manifeste tantôt par l'adoption de la méthode de la comptabilisation à la valeur de consolidation dans les états financiers de et base tantôt par celle de la méthode de comptabilisation à la valeur d'acquisition sans information complémentaire. Les auteurs s'intéressent particulièrement au choix des avenues de non-conformité. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'efficience du contrat mais non l'autre perspective, celle du comportement opportuniste en ce qui a trait au choix de la méthode comptable. Ils révèlent que le choix de la méthode est lié à la proportion de sociétés apparentées dont les valeurs sont cotées, à l'importance des participations dans les sociétés apparentées et à l'existence de garanties, mais qu'il n'est pas lié aux pourcentages de participation ou au nombre des sociétés apparentées.     

House Price Measurement: The Hybrid Hedonic Repeat-Sales Method

This article supplements James Hansen's (2009) recent article on the measurement of house prices in Australia. It provides a specific outline of the hybrid hedonic repeat-sales measure, a model which combines the hedonic and repeat-sales approaches examined in Hansen.     

Meeting the Social Policy Challenges Facing Korea

Korea faces the fastest population aging among Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries and increasing levels of income inequality and relative poverty. While economic growth will help address these challenges, growth alone is not sufficient, making it necessary to introduce policies to promote social cohesion. First, the National Pension Scheme and the National Health Insurance need to be improved. Second, Korea should develop well‐targeted social programs and expand the earned income tax credit. Third, it is important to reduce labor market dualism, a major cause of inequality due to the large wage gap between regular and non‐regular workers. Fourth, education reform is needed to lower the financial burden of tertiary education, reduce the heavy reliance on hagwon and increase spending on preprimary education. At the same time, it is essential to maintain a sound fiscal position by increasing tax revenues, primarily through indirect taxes and environmental taxes, to cover rising social spending.     

Older Americans' knowledge of consumer rights and legal protection

Consumer knowledge and legal protection were measured in a telephone survey of a stratified random national sample of 1,305 older adults in the United States. The sample was divided into five age groups: 25–49, 50–64, 65–74, 75–84 and 85 and older. Respondents were aksed eight questions dealing with knowledge of consumer rights and protection. Consumer knowledge was poor and was not gender specific. As the age of the respondents increased, their knowledge score decreased. Those who were married or who were previously married scored higher than other groups.     

CONSUMERS AND PRODUCTIVITY CHANGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BRITISH POSTAL SYSTEM

In service/public utility type industries, labour productivity can be increased by getting the consumer to do some of the work himself and by persuading consumers to change the patterns of their demands. The Post Office attempted to achieve these ends by introducing post codes and the two-tier post system. The paper concludes by arguing that the failure of Post Office management to appreciate consumer behaviour was one factor explaining the poor productivity performance of the postal system as a result of the changes in service introduced.     

Money Attitudes,Credit Card Use,and Compulsive Buying among American College Students

The consumer culture has evolved into one of the most powerful forces shaping individuals and societies (Roberts and Sepulveda 1999 a, b). The desire to become a member of the consumer culture appears to be universal (Droge and Mackoy 1995). Changing attitudes toward money are an important catalyst behind the spread of the consumer culture. Money is important—especially to American college students who have been raised in a credit card society where debt is used freely (Ritzer 1995). Schor (1998) believes that access to easy credit is one of the causes of overspending. Using a causal modeling approach, the present study investigated the role money attitudes and credit card use play in compulsive buying within a sample of American college students (see Figure 1). Findings suggest that the money attitudes powerprestige, distrust, and anxiety (Yamauchi and Templer 1982) are closely related to compulsive buying and that credit card use often moderates these relationships. Study results have important public policy, marketing, and research implications.