全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3891篇 |
免费 | 133篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 584篇 |
工业经济 | 132篇 |
计划管理 | 815篇 |
经济学 | 787篇 |
综合类 | 21篇 |
运输经济 | 16篇 |
旅游经济 | 25篇 |
贸易经济 | 1179篇 |
农业经济 | 49篇 |
经济概况 | 263篇 |
邮电经济 | 155篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 24篇 |
2022年 | 34篇 |
2021年 | 38篇 |
2020年 | 50篇 |
2019年 | 62篇 |
2018年 | 174篇 |
2017年 | 183篇 |
2016年 | 200篇 |
2015年 | 124篇 |
2014年 | 163篇 |
2013年 | 408篇 |
2012年 | 235篇 |
2011年 | 182篇 |
2010年 | 175篇 |
2009年 | 154篇 |
2008年 | 162篇 |
2007年 | 118篇 |
2006年 | 134篇 |
2005年 | 144篇 |
2004年 | 75篇 |
2003年 | 81篇 |
2002年 | 95篇 |
2001年 | 80篇 |
2000年 | 53篇 |
1999年 | 46篇 |
1998年 | 43篇 |
1997年 | 31篇 |
1996年 | 40篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 22篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 35篇 |
1990年 | 28篇 |
1989年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 27篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 32篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 26篇 |
1982年 | 23篇 |
1981年 | 28篇 |
1980年 | 21篇 |
1978年 | 18篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 28篇 |
1975年 | 23篇 |
1973年 | 19篇 |
1972年 | 19篇 |
1971年 | 26篇 |
1970年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有4026条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Economic theory suggests that it is optimal to reward teachers depending on the relative performance of their students. We develop an econometric approach, based on stochastic frontier analysis, to construct a fair ranking that accounts for the socio-economic background of students and schools and the imprecision inherent in achievement data. Using German PIRLS (IGLU) data, we exploit the hierarchical structure of the data to estimate the efficiency of each teacher. A parsimonious set of control variables suffices to get a “fair” estimate of unobserved teacher quality. A Hausman–Taylor type estimator is the preferred estimator because teacher efficiency and some exogenous variables may be correlated. 相似文献
52.
Fiscal sociology deals with the ramifications of the fiscal activities of the state into areas which are not their primary target. These effects may occur in sectors not directly affected such as related markets, but they may also occur outside the economic sphere proper, such as in politics, culture, religion, or society at large. Schumpeter contributed to the research project of fiscal sociology throughout his life. In this first approximation, his contribution is discussed in terms of his appreciation of three important scholars who all made landmark contributions to fiscal sociology: Franz Oppenheimer, Werner Sombart, and Gustav (von) Schmoller.JEL Classification:
B15, H39 相似文献
53.
Recently various exchange rate models capturing the dynamics during the transition from an exchange rate arrangement of floating
rates into a currency union have been derived. Technically, these stochastic equilibrium models are diffusion processes which
have to be estimated by discretely sampled observations. Using daily exchange rate data prior to the Greek EMU-entrance on
1 January 2001, we develop a rigorous estimation procedure. Our estimates point to an increasing interventionist economic
policy in the run-up to the Greek EMU entrance. A comparison of this econometric indication with policy information provided
(ex-post) by the Bank of Greece (BoG) in its Annual Report 2000 reveals that the BoG indeed pursued such an active policy
stance (so-called institutional frontloading strategies).
相似文献
54.
The availability of a stochastic repairable system depends on the failure behaviour and on repair strategies. In this paper,
we deal with a general repair model for a system using auxiliary counting processes and corresponding intensities which include
various degrees of repair (between minimal repair and perfect repair). For determining the model parameters we need estimators
depending on failure times and repair times: maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and Bayes estimators are considered. Special
results are obtained by the use of Weibull-type intensities and random observation times. 相似文献
55.
Günter Coenen 《Empirical Economics》2005,30(1):65-75
This paper provides closed-form formulae for computing the asymptotic covariance matrices of the estimated autocovariance and autocorrelation functions of stable VAR models by means of the delta method. These covariance matrices can be used to construct asymptotic confidence bands for the estimated autocovariance and autocorrelation functions to assess the underlying estimation uncertainty. The usefulness of the formulae for empirical work is illustrated by an application to inflation and output gap data for the U.S. economy indicating the existence of a significant short-run Phillips-curve tradeoff.First version received: November 2002/Final version received: September 2003 相似文献
56.
Olaf Hübler 《Empirical Economics》1993,18(2):357-380
The theoretical status of the relationship between productivity, wages, and profit sharing (PS) is poor. Only some alternative hypotheses can be formulated. From these explanations six different econometric models are derived. Using data of the German Socio-Economic Panel the models are estimated and tests and indicators are employed to choose the best model. Our investigation speaks in favour of hybrid simultaneous Tobit models where the level of profit sharing is positively correlated with productivity which induces positive wage effects on the one hand. But on the other hand the level of wages is also relevant to the question whether a firm introduces or decides to continuePS and which amount ofPS should be paid.What is obvious is not always true and introspection is a notoriously unreliable guide to empirical magnitudes. Blinder (1990, p.2) 相似文献
57.
A formal model of productivity growth and technical progress is presented. The model takes into account embodied and disembodied technical progress as explanatory variables. The slowdown in productivity growth for the Spanish economy after 1972 is explained for 92% by the decline in the rate of growth of technical progress originated from domestic R&D and technology imports. 相似文献
58.
59.
This paper discusses the role of multinational firms and double taxation treaties for corporate income taxation in open economies. We show that it is optimal for a small open economy to levy positive corporate income taxes if multinational firms are taxed according to the full taxation after deduction system or the foreign tax credit system. Positive corporate taxes also occur in the asymmetric case where some countries apply the exemption system and others apply the tax credit system. If all countries apply the exemption system, the optimal corporate income tax is zero. We also show that, under tax competition, corporate income taxes are not necessarily too low from the perspective of the economy as a whole. While the undertaxation result is confirmed for the case of the exemption system, tax rates may also be inefficiently high if the deduction or the credit systems are applied. 相似文献
60.
Günter Kohlmann 《保险科学杂志》2002,91(4):557-569
In the context of this article the author states that the present law situation is quite sufficient, in order to fight frauds within the insurance range effectively. In his personal view it is missing however at general consciousness that such frauds represent criminal injustice. In all other respects the author demands the attitude of the insurance industry to bring already detected criminal offences also to criminal pursuit. 相似文献