Is the European Community facing a fresh financial crisis?

The further development of the European Community that has been decided at the Maastricht summit will be impossible to realize without a significant increase in the EC budget and an adjustment to the financing system. What will be the additional financing requirement? How could the Community's financing system be reformed?     

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Die Entstehung von Verbraucherproblemen im Spannungsfeld von Konsum und Arbeit

Zusammenfassung In einem Referat auf der zehnten Jahrestagung der Association for Consumer Research, die im Oktober 1979 in San Francisco stattfand, hat der Verfasser drei Thesen über Verbraucherprobleme, Verbraucherpolitik und Verbraucherforschung vorgetragen (Scherhorn, 1980). Im folgenden Beitrag legt er die drei Thesen in deutscher Sprache und in etwas erweiterter Fassung vor. Sie sind auf die eingangs kurz referierte Auffassung gegründet, daß die Bedürfnisse der Konsumenten nicht durch Güter, sondern durch Tätigkeiten befriedigt werden, und zwar durch produzierende Tätigkeiten ebenso wie durch konsumierende. Erste These: Den Verbraucherproblemen wird man nicht gerecht, wenn man sie allein aus dem Kauf und dem Gebrauch von Konsumgütern ableitet. Vorgeschlagen wird, die Anlässe für Verbraucherprobleme in den Beziehungen zwischen dem Konsumsektor und dem Produktionssektor zu suchen. Zweite These: Allgemein gesprochen kann man die Aufgabe der Verbraucherpolitik darin sehen, den Verbrauchern Risiken bewußt und Kosten tragbar zu machen. Diese Aufgabe stellt sich im gesamten Bereich der Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Sektoren, nicht nur in dem der Verbraucherpolitik derzeit zugewiesenen Arbeitsgebiet. Dritte These: Daß die politikorientierte Verbraucherforschung die Beziehungen zwischen Konsum und Arbeit zu ihrem Gegenstand machen sollte, wird von vielen empfunden. In der sektoralen Analyse der Verbraucherprobleme liegt eine Chance, zu operationalisierbaren Aussagen über das verbraucherpolitisch Relevante an den Beziehungen zwischen Konsum und Arbeit zu kommen.

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The origin of consumer problems

A slightly shorter English version of this paper was presented at the tenth annual conference of the Association for Consumer Research in San Francisco (Scherhorn, 1980). The theory of consumer behaviour can be traced back to the recognition that it is not consumer goods but consumer activities that yield utility. Some of these activities are connected with the buying and using of consumer goods, others are not. The author's approach encompasses the entire field of activities in what he calls the consumption sector of the economy, and the relations of these activities to those of the production sector. These relations may be substitutional, complementary, or reciprocal. Proceeding from this view the author outlines three propositions on consumer problems, consumer policy, and consumer research. First, he argues that consumer problems are viewed too narrowly if the concept is used only with regard to the buying and using of consumer goods. More generally, the sources of consumer problems can be seen as certain disturbances of the relations between the consumption and the production sectors. Four sources of consumer problems are discussed: adaptation of consumer behaviour to producer interests by keeping from the consumption sector certain means of maintaining the consumer interest; displacement of consumer activities which cannot be omitted without negative consequences for consumers themselves; assimilation of consumer behaviour to the kind of activity men are trained to adopt in the production sector; discrimination of consumer activities compared to activities in the production sector. In his second proposition the author describes the aims of consumer policy as the decreasing of consumer costs and the increasing of the awareness of consumer risks. He maintains that these aims should be extended to all sources of consumer problems rather than be restricted to the problems resulting from adaptation. Thirdly, the analysis of complementary relations between the consumption sector and the production sector may provide consumer research with a guideline for the inquiry into the connections between consumption and work which are of special importance in the explanation of consumer problems.

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Gerhard Scherhorn ist Professor für Konsumtheorie und Verbraucherpolitik an der Universität Hohenheim, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Postfach 106.     

Debt-for-nature swaps: Axing the debt instead of the forests

Combining debt reduction with halting deforestation seems to be an attractive way of solving two urgent global problems at the same time at hardly any cost. But this view may be overly optimistic. What are the advantages and the drawbacks of debt-for-nature swaps? Are there any better alternatives?     

A Diagnostic Tool for Identifying Disharmonies Within Corporate Innovation Networks

In an article in the previous issue of JPIM , Vasudevan Ramanujam and Gerhard Mensch introduced the concept of mismatches in the perceptions and priorities of various functional specialists, staff and line managers, and senior managers. These mismatches highlight lack of agreement among key participants in the innovation management process within a given company and indicate problems that could hinder performance of the whole management interaction system. Here Mensch and Ramanujam explore the use of a new managerial instrument that can help technology driven companies that are caught in a stalemate in technology. The technique is designed to improve new product development and commercialization of new technology by diagnosing discrepancies in awareness, sense of urgency, and opinions on technological choices which may exist within the organization.     

Box-Jenkins Methoden — Alternative Verfahren zur Prognose ökonomischer Zeitreihen

Summary In this paper we try to clarify whether the use ofBox-Jenkins methods would have improved the forecasting performance in Austria during the recession of 1975. For this purpose we estimate ARIMA models for gross national product, private consumption, investment in plant and equipment, and inventory investment. We then compare the forecasts derived from these models with the results of more convential forecasting techniques. It can not be expected that Box-Jenkins methods predict a business cycle turning point. But, as soon as the recession was under way Box-Jenkins methods were faster in adapting to the new situation than conventional forecasting techniques. We found that the accuracy of Box-Jenkins predictions depends to a large extent on the length of the forecasting horizon. Our results suggest that the forecasting horizon should not exceed one year. All in all, Box-Jenkins methods applied together with the forecasting techniques already in use could further improve the forecasting performance.     

Consumer dissatisfaction — Search for causes and alleviation outside the marketplace

This paper is an attempt to provide a theoretical basis for the design of new, more effective, directions for institutions and consumer leaders whose goal is the alleviation of today's widespread dissatisfaction among consumers. In contrast to the common assumption that consumer dissatisfaction is caused by inequalities and imperfections in the marketplace, the author introduces, and defends by use of the framework of E. R. G. theory, the concept that a large portion of the dissatisfaction experienced and expressed by an individual in the area of material consumption reflects his dissatisfaction with need fulfillment at the higher level of interpersonal relationships. The new concept suggests that the most effective route to greater satisfaction among consumers is not likely to be found in increased consumption opportunities through higher incomes and/or better deals in a more perfect marketplace, but in improved satisfaction of relatedness needs.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag versucht, einen neuen Ansatz zur Verringerung der Unzufriedenheit von Verbrauchern theoretisch zu begründen. Im Gegensatz zu der sonst üblichen Annahme, daß Verbraucherunzufriedenheit auf Unzulänglichkeiten von Produkten und Märkten zurückgeht, wird hier die Auffassung vertreten, daß sie weitgehend auf unzureichender Befriedigung von Bedürfnissen nach zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen beruht. Diese Auffassung wird bedürfnistheoretisch (mit der E. R. G.-Theorie) abgeleitet. Sie legt nahe, daß höhere Zufriedenheit von Verbrauchern nicht so sehr durch bessere Marktbedingungen, bessere Produkte oder höhere Einkommen erreicht werden kann, als vielmehr durch verbesserte Möglichkeiten zur Befriedigung von zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen.

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Gerhard W. H. Scherf is an Associate Professor at University of Guelph, Department of Consumer Studies, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2 W1.     

I. Allgemeine wirstchaftslehre

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