Product shift in recreation settings: Findings and implications from panel research

Abstract

Resource managers often rely on data from recreation users as one of the inputs for long‐term decisions, but product shift (users responding to changing social or environmental conditions by changing their definition of the recreation experience) may confound the reliability of such information. In this study, we used panel data to examine the product shift phenomenon related to social conditions and describe resulting management implications. The same individuals who participated in a 1977 study of floaters on the Rogue River were contacted in 1991. As predicted by the product shift phenomenon, results indicated that in a situation in which use levels are increasing (a) visitors are more likely to change experience definitions than to become dissatisfied, (b) experience definitions change toward higher density experiences, (c) on‐river encounter norms increase, and (d) perceived crowding does not change. Other findings ran counter to product shift theory: Norms for off‐river encounters did not increase to accommodate additional contacts, and user satisfaction decreased slightly. Management implications suggest a need for well‐defined experience opportunities as well as objective monitoring to document site characteristics over time.     

浅议审计假设

本文首先指出构建审计假设体系必须明确的几个问题 ,然后着重对构成审计假设体系的若干审计假设的基本内容和意义进行讨论。本文认为审计假设体系由以下假设构成 :( 1 )受托经济责任假设 ;( 2 )正当怀疑假设 ;( 3)受托责任可验证假设 ;( 4 )审计独立性假设 ;( 5)内控有效性假设。     

Key Concepts for New Service Development

This article deals with service development from a quality perspective. Our point of departure is to build in the right quality from the start. The article presents a new frame of reference for new service development based on empirical studies in Sweden. It argues that the main task of service development is to create the right generic prerequisites for the service. This means an efficient customer process, that is to say the process must be adapted to the logic of the customer's behaviour and a good customer outcome, i.e., the service is associated with quality. We distinguish three main types of development: the development of the service concept, the development of the service system (resource structure) and the development of the service process.     

浅析现代项目管理在企业新产品开发中的应用

本文将现代项目管理理论与企业新产品开发进行了有机的结合.针对企业在新产品开发中的问题,提出了一些可行的解决思路.     

商品房建设用地使用权期限研究——以大连金州新区商品住宅为例

商品房是我国国民住宅的一种主要形式。根据我国法律规定,建设用地的使用期限最长为70年。而期限届满后,购房者的住宅将何去何从,我国的相关法律却未作明确的规定。只是在《物权法》第149条规定:"住宅建设用地使用权期限届满后自动续期。"但此规定却回避了众多关键问题,如续期的方式、续期的次数等。建设用地使用权期限届满后应采取自动续期、无偿续期的方式,应以一次为限。     

风险导向审计的中国运用：反思与启示

当前我国已经全面实施风险导向审计模式。但是风险导向审计并非完美，其运用存在一些问题和障碍。从风险导向审计方法的特征和本质出发，可以发现风险导向审计方法自身存在若干缺陷和不足；立足中国审计市场环境，风险导向审计尚且存在一些运用障碍。因此，有必要全面认识风险导向审计，并切实改善实施环境，方可规避风险导向审计的运用风险。     

Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach

According to service-dominant logic (S-D logic), all providers are service providers, and service is the fundamental basis of exchange. Value is co-created with customers and assessed on the basis of value-in-context. However, the extensive literature on S-D logic could benefit from paying explicit attention to the fact that both service exchange and value co-creation are influenced by social forces. The aim of this study is to expand understanding of service exchange and value co-creation by complementing these central aspects of S-D logic with key concepts from social construction theories (social structures, social systems, roles, positions, interactions, and reproduction of social structures). The study develops and describes a new framework for understanding how the concepts of service exchange and value co-creation are affected by recognizing that they are embedded in social systems. The study contends that value should be understood as value-in-social-context and that value is a social construction. Value co-creation is shaped by social forces, is reproduced in social structures, and can be asymmetric for the actors involved. Service exchanges are dynamic, and actors learn and change their roles within dynamic service systems.     

The missing link: knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth

The intellectual breakthrough contributed by the new growth theory was the recognition that investments in knowledge and human capital endogenously generate economic growth through the spillover of knowledge. However, endogenous growth theory does not explain how or why spillovers occur. This paper presents a model that shows how growth depends on knowledge accumulation and its diffusion through both incumbents and entrepreneurial activities. We claim that entrepreneurs are one missing link in converting knowledge into economically relevant knowledge. Implementing different regression techniques for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during 1981 to 2002 provides surprisingly robust evidence that primarily entrepreneurs contributed to growth and that the importance of entrepreneurs increased in the 1990s. A Granger test confirms that causality goes in the direction from entrepreneurs to growth. The results indicate that policies facilitating entrepreneurship are an important tool to enhance knowledge diffusion and promote economic growth.     

信号强烈,北上广深都在出手……

楼市再次传来重磅消息:3月10日,广州拍出单价地王了!而且这个地王价格非常高,让很多人目瞪口呆。这块名为"AD013907"的地块在越秀区越秀南,位于东濠涌和越秀南路西侧、万福路南侧,距离地铁站"团一大广场"只有200米。它位于广州老城区比较核心的位置,土地面积仅8296.7平方米,建筑面积为4.95万平方米,容积率接近6倍。剔除政府低价回购的回迁房,这块地的可售楼面价达到了6.46万元/平方米。也就是说,将来建成的住宅需要卖到10万元/平方米,才能保证开发商挣钱。众所周知,广州房价没有深圳贵。越秀区有点类似深圳罗湖区,但在罗湖区同样档次的土地,其新房想卖到10万元/平方米难度仍然非常大。     

基于市域尺度的东北地区农地集约利用研究

[目的]农地集约利用是提高农地利用效率、缓解人地供求矛盾,实现农业可持续发展的重要保障。研究农地集约利用时空演变及驱动力,有利于提高东北地区农地集约利用水平,提高农地利用效率,实现该地区农业可持续发展。[方法]文章在构建农地集约利用评价体系的基础上,利用GIS10.2空间分析软件对2001—2016年东北地区下辖40个市市农地集约利用水平作时空格局演变分析。并采用SPSS22.0软件利用主成分分析法研究其农地集约利用驱动力。[结果]黑龙江省集约利用水平最高的为佳木斯市,最低的为伊春市;吉林省集约利用水平最高为白城市,最低为延边市;辽宁省集约利用水平最高为盘锦市,最低为葫芦岛市;内蒙古集约利用水平最高为通辽市,最低为赤峰市。农地集约利用度在空间上由不均匀分布趋向于均匀分布。[结论](1)2001—2016年东北地区农地集约利用水平总体较低,除长春、松原、白城、盘锦、通辽、沈阳等几个市利用集约度为中度水平外,其余各市均处于粗放利用阶段;(2)东北地区集约度在空间格局上呈现出以"通辽—松原—长春—沈阳—四平"较高利用区为核心,且沿通辽和沈阳至佳木斯沿线,构成了显著的东北地区农地集约利用高值区的集聚化特征,农地集约利用低值区分布于该沿线两侧;(3)东北地区农地集约利用驱动力总体上可归纳为农地环境驱动、农地科技资金要素投入驱动、农业经济发展驱动。综上,土地集约利用是一个区域农业发展与农地利用结构相融合的复杂系统,下一步宜对各驱动因子影响的过程和作用机理进行研究,明确农地集约利用驱动机制。