全文获取类型
收费全文 | 52983篇 |
免费 | 1115篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 9796篇 |
工业经济 | 3674篇 |
计划管理 | 8488篇 |
经济学 | 11956篇 |
综合类 | 851篇 |
运输经济 | 338篇 |
旅游经济 | 848篇 |
贸易经济 | 8391篇 |
农业经济 | 2409篇 |
经济概况 | 7200篇 |
信息产业经济 | 3篇 |
邮电经济 | 145篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 288篇 |
2020年 | 492篇 |
2019年 | 740篇 |
2018年 | 1442篇 |
2017年 | 1455篇 |
2016年 | 1222篇 |
2015年 | 637篇 |
2014年 | 1076篇 |
2013年 | 4948篇 |
2012年 | 1505篇 |
2011年 | 1987篇 |
2010年 | 1669篇 |
2009年 | 1842篇 |
2008年 | 1827篇 |
2007年 | 1763篇 |
2006年 | 1205篇 |
2005年 | 1163篇 |
2004年 | 1215篇 |
2003年 | 1173篇 |
2002年 | 1095篇 |
2001年 | 989篇 |
2000年 | 979篇 |
1999年 | 890篇 |
1998年 | 872篇 |
1997年 | 869篇 |
1996年 | 865篇 |
1995年 | 753篇 |
1994年 | 792篇 |
1993年 | 838篇 |
1992年 | 813篇 |
1991年 | 825篇 |
1990年 | 705篇 |
1989年 | 597篇 |
1988年 | 583篇 |
1987年 | 599篇 |
1986年 | 623篇 |
1985年 | 921篇 |
1984年 | 884篇 |
1983年 | 842篇 |
1982年 | 786篇 |
1981年 | 724篇 |
1980年 | 761篇 |
1979年 | 706篇 |
1978年 | 599篇 |
1977年 | 551篇 |
1976年 | 427篇 |
1975年 | 453篇 |
1974年 | 404篇 |
1973年 | 377篇 |
1972年 | 282篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
91.
We examine data for the year ended December 31, 1997 for 80 publicly traded property‐liability insurers that have Best financial strength ratings of their consolidated insurance‐operating subsidiaries. These firms employ a holding company structure, in which a parent owns the stock of multiple insurance‐operating subsidiaries. The operating subsidiaries prepare a consolidated annual report using the Statutory Accounting Principles (SAP), and an analogous set of financial statements based on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is released by the parent. We find that the financial characteristics important in determining ratings at the individual firm level—capitalization, liquidity, profitability, and size—are also important at the group level. Further, financial ratios from holding company statements are incrementally useful in the ratings' process, after group‐level ratios have been taken into account. Robustness tests based on a subsample of holding companies with minimal investment outside of the property‐liability industry reinforce our conclusion that parent company statements influence consolidated group ratings. However, our data do not allow us to separate the relative contribution of the GAAP model and underlying transactions to the ratings decision. 相似文献
92.
Kenneth J. Arrow 《Review of International Economics》2004,12(2):207-212
The paper sets a broad agenda touching several areas of policy. It starts from the least likely policy at this point of time, the use of the tax system for redistribution. It discusses prudent macroeconomic coordination without the strings of the Maastricht Treaty in business troughs. Regulation of financial markets, agricultural policies, and health issues are coming up on a desirable agenda of the United States, but are probably important for all countries, as are social security policy and climate change. 相似文献
93.
We show how to decentralize constrained efficient allocations that arise from enforcement constraints between sovereign nations. In a pure exchange economy these allocations can be decentralized with private agents acting competitively and taking as given government default decisions on foreign debt. In an economy with capital these allocations can be decentralized if the government can tax capital income as well as default on foreign debt. The tax on capital income is needed to make private agents internalize a subtle externality. The decisions of the government can arise as an equilibrium of a dynamic game between governments. 相似文献
94.
Josef A. Mazanec 《Annals of Tourism Research》1986,13(4)
Deciding on advertising appropriations is a common problem to all National Tourist Offices. The Austrian National Tourist Office now employs a decision support model allowing for inclusion of managerial judgments. In tourism, like elsewhere, application of standard optimization routines to marketing decision making is straight- forward, once the relationship linking market response to input has been modeled adequately. A tailor-made decision calculus procedure eliciting managerial judgments on the relative importance of the factors determining a receiving country's travel market share provides the weights otherwise inaccessible by objective parameter estimation. A tourism manager thus can evaluate countries as tourism generators and allocate an advertising budget accordingly. 相似文献
95.
This paper examines the variables that determine the performance of countries at the Olympic Games as measured by a weighted sum of the medals won at the Sydney 2000 Games. While previous studies have identified the importance of a country's economic size and the resources available to sport, this paper examines nine more variables including the number of athletes representing each nation and some development indicators. Based on 2310 regressions, both traditional and restricted extreme bounds analysis show that only two variables are robust: the number of athletes and national expenditure on health. Thus, the final model recognises four explanatory variables that include these two as well as GDP and population. 相似文献
96.
We propose a new model to estimate the term structure of interest rates using observed on‐the‐run Treasury yields. The new model is an improvement over models that require a priori knowledge of the shape of the yield curve to estimate the term structure. The general form of the model is an exponential function that depends on the estimation of four parameters fit by nonlinear least squares and has straightforward interpretations. In comparing the proposed model with current yield‐curve‐smoothing models, we find that, for the data used, the proposed model does best overall in terms of pricing accuracy both in sample and out of sample. JEL classification: E43, G12 相似文献
97.
K.E. Hughes II & J. Kenneth Reynolds 《Journal of Business Finance & Accounting》2001,28(9&10):1351-1386
This study examines whether the uncertainty arising from a firm's exposure to future environmental costs (environmental uncertainty) affects the market's price sensitivity to reported earnings. Specifically, when environmental uncertainty is significantly high, are investors more responsive to reported earnings released by 'high-polluting' firms than reported earnings announced by 'low-polluting' firms within the same industry? The initial impact of Title IV (the acid rain provisions) of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (1990 CAAA) on the US electric utility industry provides the research setting required to isolate the effects of environmental uncertainty while addressing this question. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that the earnings response coefficients (ERCs) of high-polluting electric utilities are significantly greater than those of their low-polluting counterparts during a predicted period of elevated environmental uncertainty. In adjoining sample years associated with lower environmental uncertainty, we observe no statistical difference in the magnitude of the ERCs between these two groups. In addition, the study's findings suggest that the magnitude of the ERC is increasing in the firm's exposure to future environmental costs, after controlling for other factors that potentially affect ERCs. 相似文献
98.
Andrew J. Seltzer 《Accounting, Business & Financial History》2004,14(3):237-256
This paper uses evidence from late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century personnel records of two Australian banks to examine the nature of internal labour markets prior to the Second World War. It is argued that the industry possessed all the classic features of internal labour markets: limited ports of entry, internal promotion, long careers, and assignment of wages by well-defined rules. The paper then examines the reasons why banks adopted internal labour markets. Finally, the paper examines the recent decline of internal labour markets and examines the role of technological and social changes in this decline. 相似文献
99.
This paper explores the methodology of sectoral productivity growth measurement within the framework of input-output analysis. A method which ensures that sectoral productivity growth rates are consistent with productivity growth rates for the economy as a whole (as well as allowing for external trade) is suggested. New estimates are presented on total factor productivity in UK agriculture using a Tornqvist index procedure. In addition, new estimates of agricultural labour productivity growth are presented, taking account not only of labour employed in agriculture but also of labour employed in ancillary industries on the supply side. The empirical results confirm that part of the labour previously employed on farms has shifted “upstream” to industries providing agriculture with fertilises, machinery and other inputs. 相似文献
100.