Retail electricity competition

We analyze a number of unstudied aspects of retail electricity competition. We first explore the implications of load profiling of consumers whose traditional meters do not permit the measurement of their real‐time consumption. The combination of retail competition and load profiling does not yield the second‐best prices given the non‐price‐responsiveness of retail consumers. We then examine the incentives that electricity retailers have to install each of two types of advanced metering equipment. Finally, we consider the implications of physical limitations on the ability of system operators to cut off individual consumers relying instead on “zonal” rationing of large groups of individual consumers     

Towards new laws for consumer protection: Proposals of the French reform commission

The French Reform Commission (Commission de refonte du droit de la consommation) which is headed by the author has made a set of proposals to the French government in order to improve and adapt French consumer law to modern protective standards and to EEC legislation. One of them, on consumer safety, has already been enacted.The author informs about certain proposals which might interest the foreign reader. They concern consumer information, the quality of goods and services, safety as far as compensation by means of product liability rules is concerned, unfair contract terms, and access to justice.

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Neue Gesetze zur Verbesserung des Verbraucherschutzes — Vorschläge der französischen Reformkommission

Zusammenfassung Die französische Reformkommission zum Verbraucherschutzrecht, deren Vorsitzende der Autor ist, hat umfangreiche Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des französischen Verbraucherschutzrechts erarbeitet, die einen Anschluß an moderne Schutzstandards under Berücksichtigung der EWG-Diskussion ermöglichen. Im Bereich der Regelung der Produktsicherheit sind die Vorschläge der Kommission zum großen Teil vom Gesetzgeber übernommen worden.Der Autor berichtet über zentrale Punkte der Vorschläge der Kommission: Für den Bereich der Verbraucherinformation wird die Verankerung einer allgemeinen Informationspflicht vorgeschlagen. Qualitätsregeln sollen insbesondere durch Erweiterung der gesetzlichen Verkäuferhaftung nach dem französischen Zivilrecht erfolgen. Flankierend zur Sicherheitsregelung ist die Produkthaftpflicht auf eine Gefährdungshaftung umzustellen. Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen sollen auf Mißbrauch nicht durch eine Behörde, sondern durch Verbandsklagen kontrolliert werden. Der Zugang zum Recht ist durch ein vereinfachendes Klageverfahren und durch Gruppenklagen zu verbessern.

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Jean Calais-Auloy is Professor of Law at the University of Montpellier, Faculté de Droit, F-43000 Montpellier, France.     

AIDS Home- and Community-Based Waivers: Effects on Use of Services,Expenditures, and Survival

State Medicaid home- and community-based waiver programs for persons with AIDS (PWAs) were implemented with the expectation that PWAs would use these services in lieu of more expensive hospital-based care. If so, Medicaid spending per PWA should decline, and program costs fall. We analyze Florida Medicaid claims data for PWAs from December 1995 through December 1997 to determine how participation in the waiver program affects the use of inpatient services, the receipt of antiretroviral combination therapies (available to Medicaid recipients throughout the study period), monthly expenditures, and survival of PWAs. We find that waiver participants are more likely to receive combination therapies but less likely to use hospital-based care than nonparticipants; white men and sicker patients are more likely to join the waiver program than other eligible PWAs; monthly expenditures for waiver participants are 52% lower than for nonparticipants; and waiver participation does not affect survival.     

The Cost of Firearm Deaths in the United States: Reduced Life Expectancies and Increased Insurance Costs

The United States remains far behind most other affluent countries in terms of life expectancy. One of the possible causes of this life expectancy gap is the widespread availability of firearms and the resulting high number of U.S. firearm fatalities: 10,801 homicides in 2000. The European Union experienced 1,260 homicides, Japan only 22. Using multiple decrement techniques, I show that firearm violence shortens the life of an average American by 104 days (151 days for white males, 362 days for black males). Among all fatal injuries, only motor vehicle accidents have a stronger effect. I estimate that the elimination of all firearm deaths in the United States would increase the male life expectancy more than the total eradication of all colon and prostate cancers. My results suggest that the insurance premium increases paid by Americans as a result of firearm violence are probably of the same order of magnitude as the total medical costs due to gunshots or the increased cost of administering the criminal justice system due to gun crime.     

Contextual Factors Affecting Quality of Work Life and Career Attitudes of Gay Men

With the current political environment (such as new legislation recognising gay and lesbian couples) and societal changes (such as increasing disclosure of sexual identity in the workplace) in countries such as the USA and Australia, organizations are increasingly recognising the existence of their gay and lesbian employees. This paper reports on an on-line survey of 581 working gay men, examining their quality of work life and career attitudes. The findings of the research provide a strong indication that contextual factors affect the quality of work life and work attitudes of gay men.     

WEALTH AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: PERMANENT AND TRANSITORY EFFECTS

This paper examines the permanent and transitory effects of changes in wealth, the top federal marginal income tax rate, and capital gains tax rate on the distribution of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI). This paper establishes the importance of wealth in determining the distribution of AGI, and results here suggest that its effects can negate the permanent effect of a change in both tax rates. Of the two tax rates, the capital gains tax rate is the most important for AGI distribution. The marginal income tax rate is notably less important for long run behavior, but does have short run impacts.     

THE CONCEPT OF MACROECONOMIC COST AND ITS UTILITY

The proposed "Variable Domestic Cost" includes all net payments by sectors belonging to the productive system (enterprises, credit institutions and government) to all other sectors (households, private non-profit organizations and the rest of the world). Compared with the rate of growth of demand, represented by Gross Domestic Marketable Product at current prices, the rate of growth of VDC per unit produced forms the "profitability function of the nation." Profitability is positively related to the rate of economic growth and to the price/cost relation. A relative deceleration of unit VDC stimulates economic growth, which enlarges the positive difference between price and cost, and that, in turn, accelerates economic growth. Inversely, a relative acceleration of unit VDC brakes economic growth, while a slowdown in production raises unit costs and depresses prices. The resulting fall in profitability stops economic growth.
The main explanatory variables of demand are World trade, monetary and fiscal policy and import prices. The main components of VDC are enterprises' wage costs, social benefits minus social contributions and the government wage bill minus direct taxes payable by households. The fact that in West Germany all these unit costs were increasing more slowly than in France explains why Geman economic growth, much slower than French before 1975, outpaced it after that year, achieving a lower rate of inflation, a larger positive balance of trade and a higher appreciation of the national currency.
The concept of VDC is a useful contribution to the theories of inflation and of economic fluctuations and provides a possible explanation of structural unemployment. Maintaining VDC at a lowest possible level should be considered a major object of economic policy.