Effizienter Steuerverbund statt korrigierender Finanzausgleich

Der für diese Legislaturperiode geplante zweite Teil der F?deralismusreform bietet die Chance eines grundlegenden Systemwechsels. Wie k?nnen die widerstreitenden Finanzinteressen der Bundesl?nder mit den Anforderungen an die Anreizeffizienz des Systems in Einklang gebracht werden? Prof. Dr. Ulrich van Suntum, 53, ist gesch?ftsführender Direktor des Centrums für angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung der Universit?t Münster (CAWM); Klaus Hafemann, 32, Dipl.-Volkswirt, ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am CAWM.     

The Making of Entrepreneurs in Germany: Are Native Men and Immigrants Alike?

This paper uses a state of the art three-stage estimation technique to identify the determinants of the self-employed immigrant and native men in Germany. Their making is surprisingly alike. Employing data from the German Socioeconomic Panel 2000 (GSOEP) release we find that self-employment is not significantly affected by exposure to Germany or by human capital. But this choice has a very strong intergenerational link and it is also related to homeownership and financial worries. While individuals are strongly pulled into self-employment if it offers higher earnings, immigrants are additionally pushed into self-employment when they feel discriminated. Married immigrants are more likely to go into self-employment, but less likely when they have young children. Immigrants with foreign passports living in ethnic households are more likely self-employed than native Germans. The earnings of self-employed men increase with exposure to Germany, hours worked and occupational prestige; they decrease with high regional unemployment to vacancies ratios. Everything else equal, the earnings of self-employed Germans are not much different from the earnings of the self-employed immigrants, including those who have become German citizens. However, immigrants suffer a strong earnings penalty if they feel discriminated against while they receive a premium if they are German educated.     

Wende am Ölmarkt?

Die Roh?lpreise geben nach, die schon greifbar nahe 80-US-$-Marke ist erst einmal in die Ferne gerückt. Zeigt sich hier eine Gew?hnung an die andauernden geopolitischen Risiken, und bestimmen nun wieder fundamentale Marktdaten st?rker die Preisentwicklung am ?lmarkt? Klaus Matthies, 59, Dipl.-Volkswirt, ist Referent für Rohstoffpreise im Hamburgischen Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (HWWA).     

Ölpreisspirale ohne Ende?

Der Mineral?lbedarf in der Welt nimmt kr?ftig zu und ?l verteuert sich weiter. Die Preise für Benzin erreichten nach den Sturmsch?den im Golf von Mexiko neue Rekorde. Wird ?l demn?chst noch teurer?     

Schulden und Versorgungsverpflichtungen der Länder: Was ist und was kommt?

Neben den Zahlungsverpflichtungen aus ihren Kreditmarktschulden haben die L?nder Versorgungsverpflichtungen gegenüber ihren pensionierten Beamten. Wie hoch sind derzeit die expliziten Schuldenquoten der L?nder und wie hoch ist die Gesamtschuld aus Versorgungsverpflichtungen und Kreditmarktschulden? In welchem Ausma? würde eine übernahme der Reformma?nahmen bei der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung auf die Beamtenversorgung die künftige Belastung der Haushalte verringern? Prof. Dr. Bernd Raffelhüschen, 48, ist Direktor des Instituts für Finanzwissenschaft und Volkswirtschaftlehre I an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universit?t Freiburg; Dr. Daniel Besendorfer, 33, war wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter und Emily Phuong Dang, 28, Dipl.-Volkswirtin, ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an diesem Institut.     

Measuring tourist judgment on service quality

This study measures tourist judgments on service quality in alpine ski resorts. An attribute based method was employed in order to estimate weighting schemes both for quality judgments across different tourism activity domains and different quality dimensions within winter resorts and to quantify an overall quality measure. A linear regression and Sirgy's congruity model of customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction were adopted. The results indicate that there exists a linear relationship between the overall quality measure and the partial judgments of each domain/dimension. This allows deciphering the relevance of different domains of tourism activity and quality dimensions within the process of making quality judgments.     

Zur Exaktheit der Standardformel

The Solvency II standard formula permits the approximate computation of the solvency capital requirement for an insurance company. The solvency capital requirement is defined as the 99,5 % quantile of the distribution of the basic own funds of the insurance company taking into account all risks of the company. The standard formula decomposes the total risk into risk units and conducts the aggregation of the solvency capital requirements for the single risk units using their correlations. The present paper provides a condition on the joint distribution of all risk units under which the risk aggregation via the standard formula is exact.     

End-user access to multiple sources: incorporating knowledge discovery into knowledge management

The End-User Access to Multiple Sources—Eams system—integrates given information sources into a knowledge management system. It relates the world of documents with the database world using an ontology. The focus of developing the Eams system is on the acquisition and maintenance of knowledge. Hence, in both worlds, machine learning is applied. In the document world, a learning search engine adapts to user behaviour by analysing the click-through-data. This eases the personalization of selecting appropriate documents for users and does not require further maintenance. In the database world, knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) bridges the gap between the fine granularity of relational databases and the actual information needs of users. KDD extracts knowledge from data and, therefore, allows the knowledge management system to make good use of already existing company data—without further acquisition or maintenance. A graphical user interface provides users with a uniform access to document collections on the Internet (Intranet) as well as to relational databases. Since the ontology generates the items in the user interface, a change in the ontology automatically changes the user interface without further efforts. The Eams system has been applied to customer relationship management in the insurance domain. Questions to be answered by the system concern customer acquisition (e.g. direct marketing), customer up- and cross-selling (e.g. which products sell well together), and customer retention (here, which customers are likely to leave the insurance company or ask for a return of a capital life insurance). Documents about other insurance companies and demographic data published on the Internet contribute to the answers, as do the results of data analysis of the company's contracts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Locational choice and price competition: some empirical results for the austrian retail gasoline market

Using data from the Austrian retail gasoline market we find that a higher station density reduces average prices. Market (i.e. ownership) concentration does not significantly affect average price, however is negatively related to the density of stations. Estimation of the pricing and entry equations as simultaneous equations does not alter our conclusions, and suggests causality running from station density to price. We argue that the spatial dimension of markets allows the identification of market conduct, which is particularly relevant for competition policy.

Productivity gaps and capacity utilization in the manufacturing sectors of five OECD-countries, 1963–1982

The purpose of this paper is to apply some novel features in the theory of productivity indexes to the measurement of productivity gaps. It advances the proposition that one reason for the persistence of productivity gaps might be that the methodology of measuring gaps does not separate shifts of the production function due to intercountry efficiency from shifts due to intercountry differences in capacity utilization.In this paper we calculate productivity gaps for four OECD countries relative to the U.S., adjusted for cyclical variations in capacity utilization for the period 1963–1982. The theoretical foundation of our measurement is based on a variable cost function approach with short-run fixity of capital. Without adjusting for differences in capacity utilization within the countries, productivity gaps are a mixture of differences in productivity and in capacity utilization.The refereeing process of this paper was handled through C. Morrison.