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11.
Drivers and Outcomes of Green Tourist Attitudes and Behavior: Sociodemographic Moderating Effects 下载免费PDF全文
Leonidas C. Leonidou Dafnis N. Coudounaris Olga Kvasova Paul Christodoulides 《心理学和销售学》2015,32(6):635-650
This article reports the findings of a study, conducted among 234 foreign tourists who visited Cyprus, that aimed to identify the drivers and outcomes of eco‐friendly attitudes and behavior. Using structural equation modeling, the authors confirmed that deontological status, law obedience, and political action of tourists positively influence the adoption of an environmentally friendly attitude. In turn, these effects are conducive to eco‐friendly behavior, which ultimately enhances tourist satisfaction. Certain sociodemographic characteristics of tourists—namely, gender, age, education, and income—had a moderating effect on the link between deontological status, law obedience, and political action on the one hand and eco‐friendly attitudes on the other hand. Tourist nationality also had a control effect on tourist eco‐friendly attitudes. 相似文献
12.
Evaluation of Efficiency in Primary Health Care Centres: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis
Florencio García Carmen Marcuello Diana Serrano & Olga Urbina 《Financial Accountability and Management》1999,15(1):67-83
The aim of this paper is to analyse one of the principal problems in primary health care management: the evaluation of efficiency in primary health care centres. Given the special characteristics of measuring outcome in primary care it is necessary to evaluate the performance of centres from a quality perspective too. The methodology used, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), allows us to introduce quantitative and qualitative variables in a sample of primary care centres in a Spanish province. Once the efficiency of the different centres is known, we investigate the sensitivity of the methodology to changes in the definition of outputs used. 相似文献
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This article is concerned with how MNCs (multinational corporations) differ from indigenous organisations in relation to their human resource development (HRD) practices, and whether this relationship changes across countries. We question whether local isomorphism is apparent in the HRD practices of MNCs, or whether MNCs share more in common with their counterparts in other countries. A series of hypotheses are put forward and tested, using survey data from 424 multinational and 259 indigenous organisations based in the UK and Ireland. The results suggest a hybrid form of localisation, where MNCs adapt their practices to accommodate national differences, but that these adaptations do not reflect convergence to domestic practice. The results also indicate that MNCs are selective in the HRD practices that are adapted. Evidence from this study indicates that country differences in career traditions and labour market skill needs are key drivers in the localisation of associated HRD practice. In contrast, MNCs, irrespective of national context, adopt comparable systematic training frameworks, ie training‐need identification, evaluation and delivery. 相似文献
15.
Ethical guidelines for psychologists are meant to stimulate and help psychologists to act appropriately with respect to clients,
colleagues, and other individuals involved in their professional relations. This paper focuses on the similarity of codes
of ethics of psychologists in European countries in general, and on specific ethical dilemmas in the area of work and organizations
in particular. First, an overview is given of the development of ethical guidelines in Europe and the USA. Second, the results
are presented of a survey by E-mail amongst members of the European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations (EFPA) to identify
the differences and similarities between ethical guidelines of the affiliate members. Third, the potential dilemmas of stakeholders
in work and organizational assessment are addressed. Finally, the results of a survey among Dutch selection psychologists
are presented. The purpose of this study was to examine a possible tension between normative behavior and attitudes about
normal behavior. It was concluded that ethical guidelines of European countries cover comparable (sub-)principles and that
there are indications that individual psychologists agree with the written principles. In addition, suggestions for future
research are given.
Olga Voskuijl is Assistant Professor in Work and Organizational Psychology at the University of Amsterdam. Her research interests
include codes of ethics, ethical dilemas in psychology, personnel selection; theory, and measurement of job performance; job
analysis; measurement and analysis, of ability, personality, and vocational development. She has published on these topics
in journals such as International Journal of Selection and Assessment, International Journal of Human Resource Management
and European Journal of Psychological Assessment.
Arne Evers is Associate Professor in Work and Organizational Psychology at the University of Amsterdam. His research interests
include personnel selection, discrimination in selection, test and scale construction, organizational diagnosis and work stress.
His publications have appeared in such journals as Journal of Organizational Behavior, European Journal of Psychological Assessment,
and Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. Arne is a member of the Committee on Testing of the Dutch Association
of Psychologists (COTAN) and of the standing Committee on Tests and Testing of the European Federation of Psychological Associations
(EFPA). 相似文献
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China's membership in the World Trade Organization further encourages foreign direct investment. Organizations establishing a multinational enterprise in China, and intending to utilize their intellectual property rights as a method of conducting their business enterprise, must be familiar with the current laws and developments regarding their protection and enforcement. This article focuses on Chinese intellectual property laws with examples of both infringements and enforcements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
18.
In this paper a firm’s R&D strategy is assumed to be endogenous and allowed to depend on both internal firm characteristics and external factors. Firms choose between two strategies, either they engage in R&D or abstain from own R&D and imitate the outcomes of innovators. This yields three types of equilibria, in which either all firms innovate, some firms innovate and others imitate, or no firm innovates. Firms’ equilibrium strategies crucially depend on external factors. We find that the efficiency of intellectual property rights protection positively affects firms’ incentives to engage in R&D, while excessive competitive pressure has a negative effect. In addition, smaller firms are found to be more likely to become imitators when the product is homogeneous and the level of spillovers is high. Regarding social welfare our results indicate that strengthening intellectual property protection can have an ambiguous effect. In markets characterized by a high rate of innovation a reduction of intellectual property rights protection can discourage innovative performance substantially. However, a reduction of patent protection can also increase social welfare because it may induce imitation. This indicates that policy issues such as the optimal length and breadth of patent protection cannot be resolved without taking into account specific market and firm characteristics. 相似文献
19.
Olga Butorina 《Post - Communist Economies》2013,25(4):409-424
The financial crisis of August 1998 caused grave consequences for Russia. Although the mechanism of financial crises in emerging market economies has been thoroughly studied, the role of transition specificity is still underestimated. In the West, there is a widely accepted opinion that fiscal problems were the main driving force behind the crisis. The article contests this view and reveals a number of fundamental reasons that have brought a decade of market romanticism to a bitter end. In fact, the crisis disclosed serious misalignments in the strategy of reforms. Premature liberalisation and a far-fetched reliance on monetarist tools coupled with a lack of institutional, microeconomic and legal transformation hampered the development of market forces, provoked glaring macroeconomic discrepancies and, finally, led to a dramatic decline in production. Present Russian economic policy is aimed at reconciling market reforms with the Soviet economic heritage and the particular transition needs of the country. 相似文献
20.
S. Prakash Sethi David B. Lowry Emre A. Veral H. Jack Shapiro Olga Emelianova 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,103(1):1-30
Environmental degradation and extractive industry are inextricably linked, and the industry’s adverse impact on air, water,
and ground resources has been exacerbated with increased demand for raw materials and their location in some of the more environmentally
fragile areas of the world. Historically, companies have managed to control calls for regulation and improved, i.e., more
expensive, mining technologies by (a) their importance in economic growth and job creation or (b) through adroit use of their
economic power and bargaining leverage against weak national governments, regional and international regulatory bodies. More
recently, the industry has had to contend with another set of challenges that involved treatment of indigenous people and
their traditional land rights, fair treatment of workers, human rights abuses, and bribery and corruption involving local
officials and political leaders. These challenges currently fall outside the traditional areas of regulation and control.
Nevertheless, they pose serious threat to the industry’s business practices because of their global scope, threat to company’s
reputation, and long-term risks of political instability leading to increasing cost of capital. Industry has responded to
these challenges by creating voluntary codes of conduct that would signify their intent to comply with higher standards of
conduct, and assuage public opinion that no further action is called for. These codes, however, lack any monitoring mechanism
and reporting integrity to assure the public that the industry members are indeed meeting their commitments. Consequently,
pressure on the industry continues unabated and with ever increasing calls for mandatory regulation and oversight. This article
examines the activities of one mining company, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, Inc., which has taken a radically different
approach in responding to these challenges at its mining operations in West Papua, Indonesia. While cooperating with industry-based
efforts of voluntary codes of conduct, Freeport also initiated a radically different response through its own voluntary code
that would directly focus on issues of human rights, treatment of indigenous people on whose traditional land its mine was
located; economic development and job creation and, improvements in health, education, and housing facilities, to name a few.
Additionally, the company earmarked large sums of money and involved representatives of the indigenous people in their management
and disbursement. The company took an even more radical action when it committed itself to independent external audits of
the company’s compliance with the code, and that these findings and company’s responses would be made public without prior
censorship by the company. We analyze the nature of corporate culture, vision and risk-taking propensities of its management
that would impel the company to embark on a high risk strategy whose outcomes could not be predicted with any degree of certainty
before the fact. The parent company also had to confront discontent among the management ranks at the mine site because of
cultural differences and management styles of expatriates and local (Indonesian) managers. Finally, we discuss in some detail
the extensive and intensive character of a two phase audit conducted by the outside monitors, their findings, and the process
by which they were implemented and reported to general public. We also evaluate the strengths and challenges posed by such
audits, their importance to the company’s future, and how such projects might be undertaken by other companies. 相似文献