The determination of groups of functionally integrated industries in the United States using a 1967 interindustry flow table

A two-stage standardization and grouping algorithm is applied to a 75×75 submatrix of the 86×86 1967 United States interindustry transaction table. The rows and columns of the submatrix are first adjusted so that they all have uniform sums. Entries of the adjusted table are maximum entropy estimates of flows in an idealized economy, in which all industries produce and consume an equal value of goods. Industries are then aggregated according to whether or not they are connected by chains of links with values equal to adjusted entries, all of which are greater than a given threshold level. Variation of the threshold yields a hierarchical aggregation scheme. Groups of functionally integrated industries can be identified through the examination of a tree diagram (dendrogram) which shows the aggregation results.     

CEO International Assignment Experience and Corporate Social Performance

Research suggests that international assignment experience enhances awareness of societal stakeholders, influences personal values, and provides rare and valuable resources. Based on these arguments, we hypothesize that CEO international assignment experience will lead to increased corporate social performance (CSP) and will be moderated by the CEO’s functional background. Using a sample of 393 CEOs of S&P 500 companies and three independent data sources, we find that CEO international assignment experience is positively related to CSP and is significantly moderated by the CEO’s functional background. Specifically, CEOs with international assignment experience and an output functional background (e.g., marketing and sales) are positively associated with greater CSP.     

The real-world economic impact of home-based video electroencephalography: the payer perspective

Abstract

Aims: Electroencephalography (EEG) is an established method to evaluate and manage epilepsy; video EEG (VEEG) has significantly improved its diagnostic value. This study compared healthcare costs and diagnostic-related outcomes associated with outpatient vs inpatient VEEG among patients with epilepsy in the US.

Materials and methods: This study used Truven MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental claims databases. Patients with a VEEG between July 1, 2013 and December 31, 2016 were identified. Index event was the first VEEG claim, which was used to determine inpatient and outpatient cohorts. Continuous health plan enrollment 6?months pre- and 12?months post-index VEEG was required. Primary outcomes were costs during the index event and 12?months post index. A generalized linear model with gamma distribution and a log link was used to estimate adjusted index and post-index costs.

Results: Controlling for baseline differences, epilepsy-related cost of index VEEG was significantly lower for the outpatient ($4,098) vs the inpatient cohort ($13,821; p?<?0.0001). The cost differences observed at index were maintained in the post-index period. The 12-month post-index epilepsy-related costs were lower in the outpatient cohort ($6,114 vs $12,733, p?<?0.0001). Time from physician referral to index VEEG was significantly shorter in the outpatient cohort (30.6 vs 42.5?days). Patients in the inpatient cohort were also more likely to undergo an additional subsequent follow-up inpatient VEEG (p?<?0.0001).

Limitations: Administrative claims data have limitations, including lack of data on clinical presentation, disease severity, and comprehensive health plan information. Generalizability may be limited to a US insured population of patients who met study criteria.

Conclusions: Index VEEG was less costly in an outpatient vs inpatient cohort, and costs were lower during the follow-up period of 12?months, suggesting that outpatient VEEG can be provided to appropriate patients as a less costly option. There were fewer follow-up tests in the outpatient cohort with similar pre- and post-index diagnoses.     

FDI, Regional Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth: Some Evidence from Southeast Asia

This empirical study investigates whether FDI caused spillover effects which led to the economic growth of the ASEAN‐5 economies (1970–96), and, if that is so, whether the ASEAN Preferential Trade Agreement (APTA) had a significant effect in attracting FDI to the region. Its findings are that FDI has stimulated economic growth most effectively through human factors, and knowledge/technological learning‐by‐doing effects; and that the formation of the APTA had a lagged influence on FDI inflows to the advantage of the more‐developed member countries, and disadvantage of the less‐developed member countries.     

Toward a “theoretical toolbox” for sustainability research in marketing

This paper provides a foundation for future marketing research on sustainability through the application of nine prominent organizational theories. Specifically, we consider the implications for sustainability offered by transaction cost economics, agency theory, institutional theory, population ecology, resource dependence theory, the resource-based view of the firm, upper echelons theory, social network theory, and signaling theory. We consider how each theory can help researchers to better understand the ways that firms engage in sustainable marketing and business practices, and we develop insights that emerge from simultaneous examination of complementary or competing theoretical perspectives.     

State and territory in post revolutionary Cuba: some critical reflections on the development of spatial policy

And as in private life one differentiates between what a man thinks and says of himself and what he really does, so in historical struggles one must distinguish still more the phrases and fancies of parties from their real organism and their real interests, their conception of themselves from their reality (Marx, edn 1973, 421).     

Comparisons of aggregation procedures for interaction data: An illustration using a college student international flow table

Various approaches for developing regional schemes on the basis of geographic interaction data are discussed, using a 46 × 46 international flow table of college students as an example. The hierarchical clustering procedure employed by Masser and Brown to study movement data for London and Liverpool is compared with that utilized by Slater to analyze internal migration in several nations and is found to be more successful in the sense of explained interaction, a criterion Masser and Brown maximize in a stepwise—not necessarily optimal—manner. Slater's method, however, appears to be less subject to chaining—the sequential growth of a cluster— and more productive of distinct subgroups. It can also be interpreted as the fitting of a tree structure to a dissimilarity matrix. Both techniques are shown to yield highly significant functional regions, by comparing their results with those obtained through a large number of random partitionings of the 46 nations. The substantial value of the Ford-Fulkerson network flow algorithm in optimal partitioning and hierarchical clustering is discussed. This algorithm can also be used to define nodal in- and out-migration regions—i.e. collections of nations that have fewer people entering or leaving them as a whole than their nodal nations. To determine functional regions, the flow table is first doubly-standardized to have all row and column sums equal. Nodal regions—which cannot be hierarchically ordered—are found through study of the unadjusted flows themselves. Political, linguistic and geographic influences explain many of the international groupings obtained.     

Customer-led and market-oriented: let's not confuse the two

Christensen and Bower (1996) report the results of a study of how customer power contributes to the failure of leading firms during a period of industry discontinuity. They conclude that developing a customer orientation appears not to be wise advice under these conditions. However, this conclusion is contradicted by long-standing theory and recent research in marketing. In this commentary we distinguish between two forms of ‘customer orientation’ that are frequently confused. The first, a customer-led philosophy, is primarily concerned with satisfying customers' expressed needs, and is typically short term in focus and reactive in nature. The second, a market-oriented philosophy, goes beyond satisfying expressed needs to understanding and satisfying customers' latent needs and, thus, is longer term in focus and proactive in nature. Based on theory and substantial evidence, the advice to become market-oriented appears sound regardless of the market conditions a business faces. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.