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101.
102.
When negotiating agricultural policies, decisions are generally based on historical net farm income figures, which are derived from the then current price and production data. In 2003, when the Single Payment Scheme (SPS) was introduced in the EU, agricultural commodity prices were “low.” As a result the SPS is very generous when viewed in light of today's “high” agricultural commodities prices: farmers are double‐dipping. We provide an empirical assessment of the implications for compensatory payments under the SPS in combination with high commodity prices for two major EU crops: wheat and barley. Yearly compensatory payments for these two crops alone exceed $10 billion. The lesson of this result for agricultural policy reform is that the payments under the SPS should have been made more flexible and tied to future (farm gate) prices, i.e., so payouts would usually vary with changing market conditions, while still being decoupled from production decisions. Au moment de négocier des politiques agricoles, les décisions sont généralement fondées sur les données historiques sur le revenu agricole net, lesquelles sont dérivées des prix et des données de production d'alors. En 2003, année où l'UE a mis en place le régime de paiement unique (RPU), les prix des produits agricoles étaient ≪faibles≫. Actuellement, le RPU est très généreux en raison des prix ≪élevés≫ des produits agricoles: les producteurs cumulent les avantages. Nous présentons une estimation empirique des répercussions sur les paiements compensatoires du RPU combinées aux prix élevés des produits de base pour deux grandes cultures de l'UE, à savoir le blé et l'orge. Pour ces deux cultures seulement, les paiements compensatoires annuels dépassent les dix milliards de dollars. La leçon est que les paiements versés dans le cadre du RPU auraient dûêtre plus souples et liés aux prix (à la ferme) futurs, de sorte que les versements varieraient généralement en fonction des conditions changeantes du marché tout en demeurant indépendants de la production. 相似文献
103.
The present article analyzes signaling by elected officials of moderate or centrist legislative behavior from a benefits/costs perspective. To do so, we provide statistical evidence regarding the tendency of senators to join the U.S. Senate Centrist Coalition, a congressional membership organization of moderate legislators. We find that changes in party loyalty, perhaps due to changes in constituent preferences, and U.S. Senate tenure are both important determinants of membership in the Centrist Coalition. Tests also point out that freshman senators are more likely than more senior senators to seek membership as a form of information provision. 相似文献
104.
Standards and innovation: US public/private partnerships to support technology-based economic growth
Troy J. Scott 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2015,24(5):457-489
This paper examines how strategic alliances to create and use standards affect economic growth and development. The explanation of the link from standards to economic growth and development is through the effects of standards on the incentives to perform industrial research and development (R&D). We examine product standards, metrology traceable to national and international standards, and regulatory standards to address negative externalities. The paper develops a theoretical explanation for the link from standards to growth, survey/interview-guides to gather information from industrial R&D experts about the explanation, and case-study evidence about the explanation. We discuss the standard-setting process and explain that it entails strategic alliances among firms and with government involvement. Case studies of R&D projects in firms and in a national laboratory support the belief that standards implemented via strategic alliances leverage economic growth and development. 相似文献
105.
106.
A phenomenon of significance in buyer–supplier relationships is opportunism. In lieu of the known negative effects of opportunistic behavior on buyer–supplier relationships, the circumstances in which a sourcing professional engages in acts of opportunism are unclear. Combining theories from multiple disciplines, a comprehensive model tested buyer–supplier relationship-specific factors, environmental factors, an individual-difference factor, and situational factors likely to affect a buyer's decision to use opportunistic tactics. Results reveal how these different theories combine to provide a more comprehensive explanation of buyer behavior than existed in prior literature. Using structural equation modeling of a sample of 328 procurement transactions, factors found to affect buyer opportunism included buyer power, corporate ethical values, honesty/integrity, leader opportunism, willful ignorance, and subjective expected utility. This study also provides empirical support for distinguishing between two types of opportunism — strong and weak. The research concludes with implications for theory and practice, limitations, and areas for future research. 相似文献
107.
108.
Research into environmental management systems (EMSs) began in the late 1990s with studies that focused on the driving forces, costs and benefits and nature of such systems. However, in the hotel and tourism field, very little research has been conducted on EMSs, except for a few studies on environmental management, such as the environmental protection practices and environmental performance of hotels. In recognition of this gap, this research studies the impact of an EMS on hotel employees whose working attitude directly affects the services provided to guests. 相似文献
109.
The attitudes of consumers from a developing economy toward ethnocentrism were assessed in this exploratory study of 123 respondents from Nigeria. The results indicate that consumers hold varying views of ethnocentric behavior. While recognizing the possibility of negative economic consequences for the importing nation, consumers are reluctant to endorse strong measures against imports. This is especially true for products that may be difficult to produce locally or those that offer a distinctly higher level of quality. Contrastingly, consumers appear to support public activity that encourages a spirit of international business cooperation. An exporting nation's social, political, and religious philosophies appear to have minimal impact upon the demand for its products. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
110.
Robert T. Davis Thomas J. Lopez Troy Pollard 《Journal of Business Finance & Accounting》2023,50(9-10):1836-1866
Prior research reports that a manager's equity risk-taking incentive (vega) is positively associated with financial misreporting. FAS 123R led to a significant decrease in vega while SOX increased the cost of financial misreporting. Consistent with the original intent of the legislation, we find that SOX contributed to significant decreases in both fraud restatements and AAERs. Importantly, our results suggest that the SOX-induced decreases in fraud restatements and AAERs have endured to more recent years. On the other hand, while we find evidence that equity-incentive-motivated financial misreporting ceased to exist in the immediate years after FAS 123R, we also find that this was only temporary. In particular, we find strong evidence of a significantly positive association between vega and accrual misreporting in more recent years. 相似文献