This paper examines a common assertion that customers in reward programs become “locked in” as they accumulate credits toward
earning a reward. We define a measure of switching costs and use a dynamic structural model of demand in a reward program
to illustrate that frequent customers’ purchase incentives are practically invariant to the number of credits. In our empirical
example, these customers comprise over 80% of all rewards and over two-thirds of all purchases. Less frequent customers may
face substantial switching costs when close to a reward, but rarely reach this state.
Aims: Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are used to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This paper aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of NOACs when compared to VKAs by calculating the number needed to treat (NNT) at 2 years using incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) derived from a meta-analysis of studies conducted in real-world settings.
Materials and methods: HRs were sourced from a published systematic literature review and a meta-analysis of real-world evidence on the use of NOACs vs VKAs. Rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban vs VKAs were investigated. The efficacy outcomes included: a composite of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism (IS/SE), ischaemic stroke (IS), and all-cause mortality. The safety analysis assessed major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH).
Results: Superiority of NOACs vs VKAs was observed in 10/15 comparisons. Treating patients with rivaroxaban and dabigatran was associated with a reduced risk of IS and all-cause mortality compared to VKAs, with one death prevented every 22 and 32 patients, respectively, and one IS prevented every 206 and 166 patients, respectively. Rivaroxaban was significantly associated with a reduced risk of IS/SE compared to VKA (NNT: 107). No significant differences were observed between apixaban and VKAs. Dabigatran and apixaban were associated with a reduced risk of major bleeding compared to VKA (NNT: 59 and 38, respectively). No significant difference was observed between rivaroxaban and VKAs regarding major bleeding. Rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban were significantly associated with a reduced risk of ICH (NNT: 205, 115, and 108, respectively).
Limitations: Heterogeneity in definitions of major bleeding across studies.
Conclusions: The NNT calculation, when approached and interpreted properly, is a practical measure of the effectiveness of a treatment. The calculation based on HRs showed that NOACs are safe and effective alternatives to VKAs in real life. 相似文献
Most research on pay and benefit differences between full– and part–time work focuses on characteristics of part–time workers and part–time jobs. However, part–time jobs are more open to labour market 'outsiders', and such labour market mobility can influence wages. We analyse the effects of working time, gender, segmentation and mobility on wages and pension benefits in Ireland. Both segmentation and mobility influence wages directly, and controlling for segmentation in a wage model eliminates the negative effect of part–time working. The wage effects of labour market mobility differ by gender and labour market segment. Pension entitlement is strongly influenced by gender, working time, labour market segment and mobility. 相似文献
The importance of concession sales in the movie exhibition industry is widely acknowledged among economists and other social
scientists that have studied this industry in the past. Despite this recognition, the lack of appropriate data has constrained
existing studies that document the role that concessions play in movie theaters. Using detailed weekly movie theater data
on concession sales, box office revenues and transaction characteristics from a major exhibitor in Spain, we shed light on
the relation between concession sales and the following factors (i) theater attendance, (ii) non-traditional channels of ticket
distribution, (iii) audience composition, and (iv) theater and market specific factors.
相似文献
Institutional and market changes force many organizations across economic sectors to reconsider their strategic position and engage in strategic change. Organizations differ in their ability to realize strategic change, however, which appears to depend on several factors in their strategic management process. In this paper we explore two such factors simultaneously, which are the composition of the top management team and the characteristics of the management accounting system. In particular, the paper investigates how top management team heterogeneity affects strategic change both directly, and indirectly, through the design and use of the management accounting system. Hypotheses are developed and tested through a survey study among 103 Spanish public hospitals. We find significant effects of top management team heterogeneity on the extent and direction of strategic change, and find that the use of the management accounting system partially mediates the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and strategic change. The paper contributes to the extant literature on the complex relationships between strategic change and MAS [Gerdin, J., & Greve, J. (2004). Forms of contingency fit in management accounting research – a critical review. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 29, 303–326], by analysing both extent and direction of strategic change, and by recognizing the importance of top management teams’ use of the management accounting system for strategic change. 相似文献
Public fears have grown up surrounding the uncertain potential benefit or harm of recent rapid technological advances in Austrian telecommunications. A technology assessment was called for, to proffer comprehensive and balanced information on the current state of, and future developments in, Austrian telecommunications. This paper explains the organization of the Austrian PTT, discusses successful new services, considers their relationship to the law and the economy, and analyses their social impact. 相似文献
Two environmental accidents in the mining industry provide the context for this study of the Mitchell, Agle, and Wood (1997, The Academy of Management Review22, 853–886) analysis of stakeholder salience. I examine the reactions of two stakeholder groups: shareholder response is examined
in terms of changing share returns and risk; management response through change in disclosure. I find the two decision-makers
reacted at different times. Management responded to the first accident, though not the second. Shareholders responded to the
second accident alone. My findings support the Mitchell, Agle, and Wood (MAW) assertion that stakeholder status is impermanent,
and determined through the eyes of the decision-maker. 相似文献
Quality & Quantity - The expression ‘open data’ relates to a system of informative and freely accessible databases that public administrations make generally available online in... 相似文献