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781.
Solicitors are often placed in a position of trust where they hold money on behalf of their clients. Instances of the misuse of clients’ money have been a recurring feature in the history of the legal profession in England and Wales. Yet the legal establishment was slow to impose the same standards of accountability on its members which had long been expected of other members of society and continued to prevaricate many years after the need for financial regulations had been demonstrated through a series of scandals. This paper provides a detailed review of the evolution of basic accounting regulations governing the legal profession. 相似文献
782.
Trade liberalization and food security in Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Among South Asian countries, Nepal liberalized most extensively during the 1980s and 1990s on both domestic and external fronts. In South Asia, Nepal has the lowest per capita income, highest dependence of population on agriculture and second highest poverty rate. At the same time, Nepal has the lowest average tariffs in South Asia and has taken several steps to downsize its public food distribution system and remove a host of agricultural subsidies. The outcomes from these policy reforms in Nepal are mixed. Aggregate indicators of food sufficiency and security (per capita food availability, extent of malnourishment) show improvement in Nepal since liberalization. Relative to other South Asian countries, Nepal is doing better on some indicators, like extent of undernourished population, while on other indicators, like stunting of children, Nepal is actually doing the worst. More importantly, the gains from liberalization across regions in Nepal have been uneven. The reason for such an uneven outcome is lack of complementary policies from the government that would lead to spatial integration of markets (e.g. the creation of physical and marketing infrastructure). Liberalization has in effect reinforced the ex-ante hierarchy across regions in Nepal. The paper then reviews the role and reform of the Nepal Food Corporation (NFC) within this broader context. 相似文献
783.
David B. Audretsch Patrick Houweling A. Roy Thurik 《Review of Industrial Organization》2000,16(1):1-11
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the dynamics of industrial organization differ in the Netherlands from what has emerged as a Stylized Fact in other countries. Because the Netherlands has pursued a unique set of institutions and policies comprising what has become known as the Polder Model, the factors leading to firm failure may systematically differ from those in other countries. We address this question using a longitudinal database from Statistics Netherlands (CBS) that identifies over two thousand firms in manufacturing and then tracks their performance over time. 相似文献
784.
Personal strategies of owners/founders of small business startups are related to performance and to environmental uncertainty.
This is done using a longitudinal data set. Personal strategies are operationalized by a behavioral measure of the manners
in which small business founders deal with situations. The results suggest a dynamic process between strategy and performance.
Business owners that perform poorly employ a Reactive Strategy, with poor performance leading to increased use of reactive
behavior. High performing business owners start out focussing on the most crucial issues (Critical Point Strategy), with high
performance leading to a more top-down (Complete Planning) approach. These relations are controlled for characteristics of
the environment of the firm. Strategy use is dependent upon the type and level of environmental uncertainty. Complete Planning
strategy is used less frequently in a fast changing environment and more often in a complex environment. Use of Opportunistic
Strategy is negatively related to the complexity of the environment, while the Reactive Strategy is used more frequently in
a non-munificent environment.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
785.
A Learning-Based Theory of Joint Venture Life-Cycles 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We provide a two period, learning-based model of joint venture formation and breakdown. We show that depending on parameter values different dynamic patterns emerge. If the rate of learning is low, then a joint venture forms in both the periods. If the rate of learning is large, then the outcome may either involve joint venture breakdown, or delayed joint venture formation. 相似文献
786.
787.
We develop a mathematical programming model for the analysis of a nationwide waste‐management system based on composting of organic wastes. The model integrates a wide range of engineering, environmental, and economic factors, including estimated production functions based on agronomic experimental data, as well as demand functions for vegetative agricultural products. The model is applied to the case of Israel, comprising 14 groups of municipalities as the source of organic municipal solid waste and wastewater‐treatment sludge, 8 composting plants, and 13 agricultural regions; the latter constitute the source of livestock manure and are the consumers of compost to be potentially applied to 42 crops. From a social point of view, 90% of the compost's potential production was found to be warranted. This efficient solution, however, does not emerge under the base‐year‐observed situation, largely because of the absence of source separation of organic municipal solid waste and the farmers' lack of awareness of compost's advantages as a substitute for conventional fertilizers and as a soil‐amending product. Consequently, most of the organic wastes are disposed of by landfilling, resulting in a loss of $102 million per year in terms of net social benefits. While the consumers of agricultural products are expected to benefit from a shift from the base‐year situation to the efficient solution, most of their gain is expected to come at the expense of the farming sector. Nevertheless, the appearance of the efficient solution does not depend on administrative compensation payments, but on the removal of bottlenecks. Potential government intervention strategies to promote the change are analyzed. 相似文献
788.
A common justification for developing wildlife tourism attractions is that they help to secure long-term conservation of wildlife and wildlife habitats. Managers and guides often highlight their role in protecting wildlife and its habitat, yet little is known about the interests, needs and preferences of the tourists who participate in such activities – how aware are they of conservation issues; how concerned are they about the environmental impacts their visit may cause; do they expect and accept the conservation messages they receive? This research explores the perceptions, preferences and conservation awareness of tourists visiting the Mon Repos Conservation Park in Queensland, Australia. Comparison data from four other sites are also presented in order to provide a wider context for interpreting the data. The findings suggest that wildlife tourism management practices that enlist tourists as conservation partners, communicate the reasons behind any constraints imposed, and present a consistent message regarding interactions with wildlife, are likely to be most successful in meeting the needs of both tourists and wildlife. 相似文献
789.
Crop diversification into high‐value crops (HVCs) can be an important strategy to augment income, generate employment, and reduce poverty in developing countries. We study the impact of crop diversification (share of production value obtained from the HVCs) on household (HH) welfare measures in Nepal. We use three rounds of the nationally representative Nepal Living Standard Surveys: NLSS I (1994/95), NLSS II (2004/05), and NLSS III (2010/11). The dose–response function, propensity score matching, and instrumental variable techniques are used to estimate the impact of crop diversification. Results show the positive impact of HVCs on the monthly per capita consumption expenditure and poverty outcomes. Among HVCs growers, HHs growing vegetables have the better welfare outcomes. While establishing the relationship between degree of agricultural diversity and poverty measures, we find that the marginal farmers need to at least derive 35% of the share of revenue from HVCs to escape from poverty. 相似文献
790.