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排序方式: 共有2212条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Giovanni Facchini Maria Luigia Segnana 《The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance》2003,43(5):827
In 2004, 75 million people are scheduled to become EU citizens, making this the largest round of expansion of the Western European club to date. Of the 10 new entrants, 8 are former socialist economies, for which membership in the EU represents the coronation of an effort began with the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989. Based on their recent economic performance, the Central and Eastern European countries appear to be well on their way to successfully integrate in the Western European club, while the Baltic Republics still lag behind. The gap between the two groups emerges when we consider the adjustment of the production structure, the composition of trade and FDI flows, and income distribution. The evidence we review appears to support the role of institutional quality to facilitate integration in the world market and overall economic performance. 相似文献
22.
We compare a number of models of post War US output growth in terms of the degree and pattern of non-linearity they impart
to the conditional mean, where we condition on either the previous period's growth rate, or the previous two periods' growth
rates. The conditional means are estimated non-parametrically using a nearest-neighbour technique on data simulated from the
models. In this way, we condense the complex, dynamic, responses that may be present in to graphical displays of the implied
conditional mean.
First version received: Feb. 1999/Final version received: June 2001 相似文献
23.
Interest rate convergence, capital controls, risk premia and foreign exchange market efficiency in the EMS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Guglielmo Maria CaporaleSarantis KalyvitisNikitas Pittis 《Journal of Macroeconomics》1996,18(4):693-714
This paper examines interest rate convergence between Germany and the other EMS countries. We argue that earlier tests of convergence based on cointegration are not informative, because cointegration only implies that a linear combination of interest rates is stationary. We show that a conclusive judgment about convergence can be made if interest rate differentials exhibit a trend towards zero during the period when convergence occurred, and if the cointegrating vector has unit coefficients. We then establish that convergence has taken place in the “hard” EMS period. We also attempt to identify the sources of nonstationarities in interest differentials by examining the existence of stochastic or deterministic trends in the expected rate of depreciation and in the risk premium. Finally, the possibility of market inefficiencies is discussed. 相似文献
24.
We argue that in seeking to insure against model uncertainty, monetary policy makers are often ready to trade ex post performance for greater certainty in the outcome. They thus look for rules that although not optimal ex post, have certain properties that qualify them as robust. We apply first, Gul's approach of ‘disappointment’ aversion to describe policy makers' aversion to uncertainty and then define the properties the notion of ‘robustness’ entails. With these two tools we then link the desirability of such robust rules to the degree of policy makers' aversion to uncertainty. We thus show that provided such robust rules exist, a larger degree of disappointment aversion leads to a greater emphasis on robustness in policy implementation. 相似文献
25.
Europe and global imbalances 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
26.
External wealth, the trade balance, and the real exchange rate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examine the link between the net foreign asset position, the trade balance and the real exchange rate. In particular, we decompose the impact of a country's net foreign asset position (‘external wealth’) on its long-run real exchange rate into two mechanisms: the relation between external wealth and the trade balance; and, holding fixed other determinants, a negative relation between the trade balance and the real exchange rate. We also provide additional evidence that the relative price of nontradables is an important channel linking the trade balance and the real exchange rate. 相似文献
27.
28.
We study the optimal timing of adoption of a cleaner technology and its effects on the rate of growth of an economy in the
context of an AK endogenous growth model. We show that the results depend upon the behavior of the marginal utility of environmental
quality with respect to consumption. When it is increasing, we derive the capital level at the optimal timing of adoption.
We show that this capital threshold is independent of the initial conditions on the stock of capital, implying that capital-poor
countries tend to take longer to adopt. Also, country-specific characteristics, as the existence of high barriers to adoption,
may lead to different capital thresholds for different countries. If the marginal utility of environmental quality decreases
with consumption, a country should never delay adoption; the optimal policy is either to adopt immediately or, if adoption
costs are “too high”, to never adopt. The policy implications of these results are discussed in the context of the international
debate surrounding the environmental political agenda.
相似文献
29.
Maria Andersson Christer Janson Thomas Kristensen Agota Szende Sarowar Golam 《Journal of medical economics》2020,23(8):877-884
AbstractAim: We investigated cost effectiveness of benralizumab vs. standard of care (SOC) plus oral corticosteroids (OCS) for patients with severe, eosinophilic OCS-dependent asthma in Sweden.Materials and methods: A three-state, cohort-based Markov model of data from three Phase III benralizumab clinical trials (ZONDA [NCT02075255], SIROCCO [NCT01928771], and CALIMA [NCT01914757]) was used to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of benralizumab vs. SOC plus OCS. Health outcomes were estimated in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The model included costs and disutilities associated with extrapolated OCS-related adverse events. Patients with severe asthma were defined as those receiving OCS ≥5?mg/day.Results: Benralizumab demonstrated a cost-effectiveness ratio vs. SOC plus OCS of 2018 Swedish Kronor (SEK) 366,855 (€34,127) per QALY gained, based on increases of 1.33 QALYs and SEK 488,742 (€45,344) per patient. Benralizumab treatment costs contributed most to incremental costs. The probability of benralizumab’s being cost-effective with willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds between SEK 429,972 (€40,000) and SEK 752,452 (€70,000) ranged from 75% to 99%.Limitations: Potential limitations of these analyses include the use of combined data from three different clinical trials, a one-way sensitivity analysis that did not include mortality and transition estimates, and Observational & Pragmatic Research Institute (OPRI) data from the UK as a proxy of the Swedish health care system.Conclusions: The results of these analyses demonstrate that benralizumab has a high probability of being cost-effective compared with SOC plus OCS for a subgroup of patients with severe, eosinophilic asthma receiving regular OCS treatment and may support clinicians, payers and patients in making treatment decisions. 相似文献
30.
Summary This paper analyzes how learning behaviors can substantially modify the outcome of competition in an oligopolistic industry facing demand uncertainty. We consider the case of a symmetric duopoly game where firms have imperfect information about market demand and learn through observing the volume of their sales. The main body of the paper consists in showing how market experimentation can explain the existence ofprice-dispersion in an oligopolistic industry. We study this phenomenon and its dynamic evolution in the context of an Hotelling duopoly model; we then extend the analysis to general demand functions and toN-firm oligopolies. We discuss some implications of the public good aspect of information about market demand. We then conclude with a few comments on what happens when the value of information in the oligopolistic industry is negative.We are very grateful to Patrick Bolton for his helpful advice. We also wish to thank Richard Caves, Anthony Creane, Jean-Jacques Laffont, Andreu Mas-Colell, Eric Maskin, Jean-Charles Rochet, Margaret Slade, John Sutton, Jean Tirole, Mike Whinston and an anonymous referee. 相似文献