New sociopolitical forces: the globalization of conflict.

Not only must multinational corporations deal with governments of their home countries and various host countries, they must now contend with the pressures of change exerted through international organizations such as U.N.-based agencies and public interest groups. The Nestle infant formula controversy, more so than any other event, has crystallized the growing internationalization of conflicts.     

The Knowledge Network of International Entrepreneurship: Theory and Evidence

The knowledge network associated with the young and emerging field of International Entrepreneurship is defined through a Bolean search progression of key words on the SSCI data bases from 1992 to 2000. The knowledge network of an applied field portrays, and usually follows, the actual developmental path of its corresponding field. Some 287 articles document the early emergence of International Entrepreneureship as a field of scholarly inquiry. When a field is young and in need of theoretical foundations, the knowledge networks of other fields may provide for those early needs. This is the case of International Entrepreneurship. The rich theoretical foundations of the two fields of International Business and Entrepreneureship, among others, have nourished and accelerated the internationalization process of entrepreneurship. A detailed analysis of 7,651 citations contained in the contributions of the 287 documents reported here traces International Entrepreneurship's rich, yet young, developmental path. This analysis reveals a wealth of information, for example the lists of highly-cited books, articles, authors and their affiliated institutions presented here.     

The Rugged Entrepreneurs ofIran's Small-Scale Mining

This article – a prize-winner at the 2nd World Conference on International Entrepreneurship – reports on a nation wide survey of some 50 small-scale mining enterprises (SMEs) in 10 Provinces in Iran. Four families of factors impacting their operations are reported here. The overriding finding of this paper is that these rugged entrepreneurs create micro operating conditions, at the margins of socio-political and economic environment, that suit them and nurture their operations. It also finds that these SMEs are true entrepreneurs who deploy innovative procedures in small scale or low-grade mines, operate under adverse regulatory conditions, take high-calculated risks, and yet remain optimistic and successful. Their overall contribution is highly positive and irreplaceable by others.     

Internationalization pattern of creative-cultural events: Two cases from Canada

This paper characterizes the internationalization of creative-cultural events through in-depth, longitudinal and ethnographic case-studies of two typical events. It develops four families of propositions based on the extant theory and tests them against their corresponding aspects of the two case-studies. This comparative examination indicates varying levels of supports; and also points to significant differences from traditional patterns of internationalizations processes. This paper’s contributions are in identifying differences in such events’ internationalization pattern and suggesting theoretical explanation for them. A combination of firm-specific advantage (e.g., creative and cultural) and the event’s home location-specific advantages offer a theoretical approach as they attract both the viewers and creative service-providers from the rest of the world to the home of these events. The paper explores the implication for further theoretical research, management of such events and public policy formulations.