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121.
Investments in renewable energy were at US$211 billion in 2010 and developing economies overtook developed ones for the first
time in terms of new financial investments in renewable energy. Photovoltaics for generation of electricity from sunlight
has the highest growth rate among the competing forms of renewable energy and has now begun to achieve grid parity in some
regions. If these trends of investments continue, solar energy will play a major economic role. We analyze these developments
and assess the ensuing amounts of investment and employment for a range of sizes of the sector of solar energy. We find that
by 2050 electricity from photovoltaics could cover up to 90% of total global energy demand, with a then global capital investment
in our main scenario in photovoltaic manufacturing capacity at 500 billion US$211 billion in 2010 and developing economies overtook developed ones for the first
time in terms of new financial investments in renewable energy. Photovoltaics for generation of electricity from sunlight
has the highest growth rate among the competing forms of renewable energy and has now begun to achieve grid parity in some
regions. If these trends of investments continue, solar energy will play a major economic role. We analyze these developments
and assess the ensuing amounts of investment and employment for a range of sizes of the sector of solar energy. We find that
by 2050 electricity from photovoltaics could cover up to 90% of total global energy demand, with a then global capital investment
in our main scenario in photovoltaic manufacturing capacity at 500 billion US2010 by around 2030 and 1,500 billion by 2050. Employment in photovoltaic manufacturing is predicted to rise to 6 million by 2050.
Sensitivity analysis with respect to the core parameters of assumptions is supplied. 相似文献
122.
Alexander T. Mohr Simone Klein 《International Journal of Human Resource Management》2013,24(7):1189-1206
This paper re-conceptualizes the adjustment of expatriate spouses during overseas assignments and explores various factors influencing the level of spousal adjustment. It does so by using a combination of qualitative data, collected through interviews and group discussions with expatriate spouses, and quantitative data, gathered by means of a questionnaire survey of American expatriate spouses in Germany. The results support the existence of a hitherto neglected facet of spousal adjustment, designated 'role adjustment', and highlight some important antecedents of spousal adjustment. The implications of the results for research and the practice of international HRM are discussed. 相似文献
123.
Various researchers have decomposed the firm's beta (or systematic risk) into components that are reflective of the firm's corporate characteristics, for example, leverage position, product mix, etc. In this paper, the theoretical beta decompositions of Hamada (1969 and 1972) and Rubinstein (1973) are sub- jected to empirical examination for a sample of diversified (or multi-activity) firms. The results of the analysis evidence highly significant empirical support for the Hamada- Rubinstein model and for the viability of operationalizing that model with available accounting and market data. 相似文献
124.
125.
Socio‐demographic basic factors of German customers as predictors for sustainable consumerism regarding foodstuffs and meat products 下载免费PDF全文
An important step in promoting sustainable purchase behaviour is to explore the understanding of responsible consumerism from the consumers’ point of view. For this purpose, a study among 1040 German consumers was carried out using a two‐pronged approach. First, open‐ended questions were used to explore the characteristics of sustainable food consumption in general as well as the willingness and meaningfulness of a low‐meat diet from the consumers’ point of view. After that the interactive structure behind the term was studied using a quantitative empirical method. As standard of evaluation the four underlying socio‐demographic factors gender, age, wealth and education are used. Apart from the consumers’ financial situation, the applied statistics show significant correlations of the propensity for sustainable consumerism to each of the above factors. Women, middle‐aged and well‐educated consumers show a greater tendency to purchase environmentally and socially sustainable products. Accordingly, the suitability of socio‐demographic factors is confirmed in this study. The open‐ended questions fathom what attributes consumers connect with sustainable food consumption, in particularly with regard to the consumption of meat. It is clear that attributes that affect consumers directly and attributes which can be directly influenced by their actions are better perceived by the consumer. Altruistic factors or abstract aspects of food consumption (e.g. climate protection) are generally of less significance. Conversely, factors which concern the value added chain, like for example, origin and processing, have priority. To conclude, the findings enable the identification of the variables determining the sustainability construct. This allows policy makers to develop customized incentive systems. Similarly, private sector stakeholders are enabled to adapt marketing activities and their product mix to consumer demands. 相似文献
126.
The paper is concerned with the determination of wages, unemployment and labour productivity in the UK. The theoretical model
suggests that in addition to economic factors, historical and ideological elements play an important role in the determination
of wages, unemployment and productivity. Particular emphasis is put on the capital shortage hypothesis. It is argued that
capital scrapping in response to the two oil price shocks, combined with subsequent sluggish growth in capital, may be responsible
for the rise of the NAIRU and the persistence of unemployment. The empirical analysis is concerned with testing the theoretical
model, using quarterly data for the UK from 1966 until 1994. We use cointegration analysis for the determination of wages,
unemployment and labour productivity.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
127.
Ernst Mohr 《Review of International Economics》1995,3(1):1-19
We investigate the joint occurrence of international intertemporal trade and international environmental-permit trade, both of which are subject to country sovereignty. Assuming that side payments cannot be made to keep a debtor country from terminating international environmental cooperation, we analyze the impact of these two trade opportunities on a debtor country's incentive to continue environmental cooperation. We also show how, by way of a suitable strategic linkage between debt and permit trade, the public good of ensuring continued environmental cooperation can be provided by the supply side of private international loans. 相似文献
128.
In this paper, we examine the macroeconomic effects of alternative fiscal consolidation policies in the New Area-Wide Model (NAWM), a two-country open-economy model of the euro area developed at the European Central Bank (cf. [Coenen, G., McAdam, P., Straub, R., in press. Tax reform and labour-market performance in the euro area: a simulation-based analysis using the New Area-Wide Model. Forthcoming in the Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control]). We model fiscal consolidation as a permanent reduction in the targeted government debt-to-output ratio and analyse both expenditure and revenue-based policies that are implemented by means of simple fiscal feedback rules. We find that fiscal consolidation has positive long-run effects on key macroeconomic aggregates such as output and consumption, notably when the resulting improvement in the budgetary position is used to lower distortionary taxes. At the same time, fiscal consolidation gives rise to noticeable short-run adjustment costs in contrast to what the literature on expansionary fiscal consolidations suggests. Moreover, depending on the fiscal instrument used, fiscal consolidation may have pronounced distributional effects. 相似文献