全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7443篇 |
免费 | 199篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 1286篇 |
工业经济 | 562篇 |
计划管理 | 1304篇 |
经济学 | 1698篇 |
综合类 | 47篇 |
运输经济 | 88篇 |
旅游经济 | 127篇 |
贸易经济 | 1419篇 |
农业经济 | 286篇 |
经济概况 | 721篇 |
邮电经济 | 104篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 47篇 |
2020年 | 91篇 |
2019年 | 120篇 |
2018年 | 166篇 |
2017年 | 171篇 |
2016年 | 186篇 |
2015年 | 140篇 |
2014年 | 197篇 |
2013年 | 782篇 |
2012年 | 275篇 |
2011年 | 285篇 |
2010年 | 271篇 |
2009年 | 319篇 |
2008年 | 272篇 |
2007年 | 255篇 |
2006年 | 250篇 |
2005年 | 233篇 |
2004年 | 214篇 |
2003年 | 230篇 |
2002年 | 192篇 |
2001年 | 182篇 |
2000年 | 181篇 |
1999年 | 164篇 |
1998年 | 139篇 |
1997年 | 146篇 |
1996年 | 151篇 |
1995年 | 108篇 |
1994年 | 118篇 |
1993年 | 119篇 |
1992年 | 99篇 |
1991年 | 92篇 |
1990年 | 90篇 |
1989年 | 81篇 |
1988年 | 72篇 |
1987年 | 58篇 |
1986年 | 72篇 |
1985年 | 104篇 |
1984年 | 101篇 |
1983年 | 82篇 |
1982年 | 78篇 |
1981年 | 74篇 |
1980年 | 85篇 |
1979年 | 69篇 |
1978年 | 54篇 |
1977年 | 52篇 |
1976年 | 47篇 |
1975年 | 40篇 |
1974年 | 35篇 |
1973年 | 39篇 |
1972年 | 34篇 |
排序方式: 共有7642条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
71.
Peter Wright Mark Kroll Peng Chan Karin Hamel 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1991,19(3):245-254
Competing theories on internal orientation versus external orientation are examined. The relevant theories are amalgamated
and condensed into a number of competing propositions that are empirically tested. The findings suggest that the internally
oriented businesses as well as the externally oriented businesses underperform the efficient, marketing oriented businesses. 相似文献
72.
Ertan Aytekin Karolyi Stephen A. Kelly Peter W. Stoumbos Robert 《Review of Accounting Studies》2022,27(1):231-231
Review of Accounting Studies - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-021-09605-9 相似文献
73.
The meaning and identification of poverty are examined usingthree indicators of standard of living in the North Indian villageof Palanpur. The first is intended as a measure of "apparentprosperity" based on the personal assessments of investigatorsafter intensive field work in the village over the full agriculturalyear 198384. The other two are income in 198384,and a measure of permanent income obtained by averaging incomesfrom four surveys conducted over a twenty-six-year interval.A comparison of these three indicators shows that income measuredin any one year may give a misleading impression of the incidenceof poverty. The risk of poverty for households is calculated.Vulnerability is high among low-caste households and those whichare involved in agricultural labor. Categories, however, arenot homogeneous; for example, whereas the landless and widowsare more likely to be poor, some of such households are quitewell off. It is argued that poverty in a good agricultural yearis a better indicator of sustained poverty than poverty in abad year. Occupational mobility out of agricultural labor islow, and changes in the distribution of land are largely accountedfor by demographic processes such as household splits. 相似文献
74.
Peter J. Boettke Christopher J. Coyne Peter T. Leeson Frederic Sautet 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2005,18(3-4):281-304
With the collapse of communism in the late 1980s the field of comparative political economy has undergone major revision. Socialism is no longer considered the viable alternative to capitalism it once was. We now recognize that the choice is between alternative institutional arrangements of capitalism. Progress in the field of comparative political economy is achieved by examining how different legal, political and social institutions shape economic behavior and impact economic performance. In this paper we survey the new learning in comparative political economy and suggest how this learning should redirect our attention in economic development.JEL classification: B53, O10, O20, P0 相似文献
75.
Interdependent preferences generally imply Pareto inefficiency. For a general demand system, we provide a characterization of Pareto improvements. For a prominent parametric specification, the Linear Expenditure System, we characterize in detail the welfare loss associated with interdependent preferences. Using an estimated empirical model of this kind, we calculate the compensating variation corresponding to the welfare loss. 相似文献
76.
Summary. This paper reexamines the condition
(1 + n), which Zilcha (1991) presents as a necessary and sufficient condition for dynamic inefficiency of stationary allocations in overlapping generation models with stochastic production. We show that this condition is necessary but not sufficient for a stationary allocation to be dynamically inefficient by Zilchas definition. We also show that there is a narrow but widely studied class of specifications in which the Zilcha test is both necessary and sufficient for dynamic inefficiency of stationary competitive equilibrium allocations. Outside this class, however, counterexamples can be constructed relatively easily.Received: 30 September 2002, Revised: 13 August 2004, JEL Classification Numbers:
D51, D90, E13, E22.
Correspondence to: Steven RussellWe thank Jon Burke, Subir Chakrabarti, Itzhak Zilcha and an anonymous referee for helpful conversations and/or comments. 相似文献
77.
Carbon Taxes and Joint Implementation. An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis for Germany and India
Christoph Böhringer Klaus Conrad Andreas Löschel 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2003,24(1):49-76
Germany has committed itself toreducing its carbon emissions by 25 percent in2005 as compared to 1990 emission levels. Toachieve this goal, the government has recentlylaunched an environmental tax reform whichentails a continuous increase in energy taxesin conjunction with a revenue-neutral cut innon-wage labor costs. This policy is supposedto yield a double dividend, reducing both, theproblem of global warming and high unemploymentrates. In addition to domestic actions,international treaties on climate protectionallow for the supplementary use of flexibleinstruments to exploit cheaper emissionreduction possibilities elsewhere. One concreteoption for Germany would be to enter jointimplementation (JI) with developing countriessuch as India where Germany pays emissionreduction abroad rather than meeting itsreduction target solely by domestic action. Inthis paper, we investigate whether anenvironmental tax reform cum JI providesemployment and overall efficiency gains ascompared to an environmental tax reformstand-alone. We address this question in theframework of a large-scale general equilibriummodel for Germany and India where Germany mayundertake JI with the Indian electricitysector. Our main finding is that JI offsetslargely the adverse effects of carbon emissionconstraints on the German economy. JIsignificantly lowers the level of carbon taxesand thus reduces the total costs of abatementas well as negative effects on labor demand. Inaddition, JI triggers direct investment demandfor energy efficient power plants produced inGermany. This provides positive employmenteffects and additional income for Germany. ForIndia, joint implementation equips itselectricity industry with scarce capital goodsleading to a more efficient power productionwith lower electricity prices for the economyand substantial welfare gains. 相似文献
78.
Decision-making in corporate technology management and government technology policy is increasingly influenced by the environmental impact of technologies. Technology foresight (TF) and environmental impact assessment (EIA) are analyzed with regard to the roles they can play in developing long-term strategies and policies for reducing the environmental impact of technologies. The methods for TF and EIA are quite well developed, but remain within a tradition of rational decision-making. However, recent studies of tecnology management and innovation have shown that technology development can be explained only to a certain degree by rational decision-making. EIA is usually presented as an objective and scientific method, based on normative underpinnings that usually remain hidden. Thus, systematic information-providing instruments such as TF and EIA can play only a limited role. We propose a procedure for environmental technology foresight. The case is made that environmental technology management will be most helped by a 'constructive' approach in order to stimulate incorporation of long-term environmental objectives. 相似文献
79.
The objective of this paper is to adjust a traditional total factor productivity (TFP) measure for the direct effect of environmental regulation on material and capital input. For this purpose we consider the fact that part of material input and pollution abatement capital have not been used to increase output but to cover the cost of using the environment as a factor of production. Therefore TFP growth rates are lower if part of the material input is allocated to abatement activities instead of producing output. We propose to treat compliance with environmental regulation as an unproductive input linked to the use of productive material input. Our aim is to answer and discuss two questions: How to measure the effect of environmental regulation on TFP, and does the effect matter. We examine data from 1975–1991 for ten pollution intensive German industries.We would like to thank Cornelia Oßwald for valuable research assistance. We are especially grateful to two anonymous referees for many helpful comments. 相似文献
80.
We axiomatize a subjective version of the recursive expected utility model. This development extends the seminal results of Kreps and Porteus (Econometrica 46:185–200 (1978)) to a subjective framework and provides foundations that are easy to relate to axioms familiar from timeless models of decision making under uncertainty. Our analysis also clarifies what is needed in going from a represention that applies within a single filtration to an across filtration representation.Part of this research was conducted when Ozdenoren visited MEDS in Fall 2003. We thank Tapas Kundu, Costis Skiadas, Jean-Marc Tallon and Tan Wang for helpful discussions and also thank audiences at Koc University, Northwestern University, the CERMSEM conference “ Mathematical Models in Decision Theory” at Universite Paris I, and the FUR XI conference on foundations and applications of utility, risk and decision theory 相似文献