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51.
Policy discussions on new medicines are often focused on cost containment rather than on the benefits they produce, such as health gains and cost savings in other sectors. In this study, we identify systematic differences in policies towards pharmaceuticals between countries and calculate the welfare gains of 39 innovative pharmaceuticals introduced in the Dutch market after 1997. Welfare gains are defined as the difference between the value of a QALY gained by innovative pharmaceuticals and their costs. The review shows that there are systematic differences among pharmaceutical policies and regulations between countries. It is further found that the welfare gains of pharmaceuticals are substantial and amount to €77 per capita per year in the Netherlands. The welfare gains could be higher if institutional barriers for an efficient utilization of innovative pharmaceuticals are removed. 相似文献
52.
Wim A. Van der Stede 《European Accounting Review》2013,22(2):263-285
This paper examines whether variations in national culture at the business-unit level of multi-business firms that operate internationally trigger adjustments in the corporate management control and incentive systems (MCISs) to fit local business-unit circumstances. Although the results show that selected MCIS characteristics are attuned to business-unit national culture, further analysis of multi-level data reveal small business-unit effects relative to corporate effects. The presence of dominant corporate effects suggests that MCISs tend to be uniformly implemented within firms, rather than to reflect local business-unit conditions. 相似文献
53.
Melvin Vooren Carla Haelermans Wim Groot Henriëtte Maassen van den Brink 《Journal of economic surveys》2019,33(1):125-149
This paper provides a meta‐analysis of microeconometric evaluation studies on the effectiveness of active labor market policies. The analysis is built upon a systematically assembled data set of causal impact estimates from 57 experimental and quasi‐experimental studies, providing 654 estimates published between January 1990 and December 2017. We distinguish between the short and longer term impacts in our analysis; at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after program start. After correcting for publication bias and country‐specific macroeconomic characteristics, subsidized labor and public employment programs have negative short‐term impacts, which gradually turn positive in the longer run. Schemes with enhanced services including job‐search assistance and training programs do not have these negative short‐term effects, and stay positive from 6 until 36 months after program start. 相似文献
54.
Mar��a del Mar Benavides Espinosa Antonia Mohedano Suanes 《The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal》2011,7(3):413-430
One of the characteristics of the entrepreneurial firm is the active search for opportunities without taking into account
the resources available to the firm at a given moment. In such cases, certain types of operation, such as a joint venture,
may provide a quick solution to the resource needs of the entrepreneurial firm. Moreover, this form of cooperation offers
a suitable context for partners to be able to learn specific knowledge pertaining, for example, to the country of origin of
the market they are aiming to enter, or to learning particular activities etc. Bearing these two dimensions in mind, the objective
of this paper is to analyze the role of the joint venture as a tool for undertaking different activities associated with Corporate
Entrepreneurship, that is to say, strategic renewal, Corporate Venturing and innovation. An empirical study using a sample
of 74 joint ventures suggests that this particular mode of cooperation is employed by the entrepreneurial firm to carry out
some, though not all, of the activities associated with Corporate Entrepreneurship. 相似文献
55.
J��zsef S��kovics 《Quantitative Marketing and Economics》2011,9(4):339-363
I show that when consumers (mis)perceive prices relative to reference prices, budgets turn out to be soft, prices tend to
be lower and the average quality of goods sold decreases. These observations provide explanations for decentralized purchase
decisions, for people being happy with a purchase even when they have paid their “valuation”, and for why trade might affect
high quality local firms “unfairly”. 相似文献
56.
In this article, we contribute to the understanding of the role that external risk perceptions play in decisions regarding
the combination of company-owned and franchised units in the hospitality industry, and to knowledge of the impact of specific
CEO characteristics on perceptions of environmental uncertainty. We examine the effects of tenure, an entrepreneurial nature
and the innovative attitude of the CEO on the perception of external risk, and address the direct and indirect consequences
of such perceptions of external risk on the configuration of the network of outlets. Our results show a significant relationship
between the characteristics of the CEO and the perception of risk but, contrary to expectations, risk perception is associated
with a lower degree of franchised outlets within the ownership mix. 相似文献
57.
58.
Poverty Lines as Context Deflators: A Method to Account for Regional Diversity with Application to the Democratic Republic of Congo 下载免费PDF全文
This paper proposes a particular methodology to render budget data more comparable over highly diverse regions. More specifically, a set of regional poverty lines will be derived and employed as deflators to correct household expenditures for spatial differences in prices and needs. The quality of these deflators depends on the extent to which the underlying poverty lines adhere to the principles of consistency and specificity. Central to reconciling both principles in practice is our pursuit for austerity in setting poverty thresholds as well as the view that differences in social norms mainly reflect differences in social inclusion needs. The particularity of the proposed method compared to standard practice lies in the combination of: (i) the pronounced subdivision in socio‐economic strata; (ii) the use of a differential calorie threshold per sector; (iii) the introduction of protein intake; (iv) the derivation of a minimal house rent; and (v) the use of an austere non‐food/non‐housing allowance. The impact of this method is illustrated using a budget survey of the Democratic Republic of Congo. 相似文献
59.
A Model for Fair Trade Buying Behaviour: The Role of Perceived Quantity
and Quality of Information and of Product-specific Attitudes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In a sample of 615 Belgians a model for fair trade buying behaviour was developed. The impact of fair trade knowledge, general
attitudes towards fair trade, attitudes towards fair trade products, and the perception of the quality and quantity of fair
trade information on the reported amount of money spent on fair trade products were assessed. Fair trade knowledge, overall
concern and scepticism towards fair trade, and the perception of the perceived quantity and quality of fair trade information,
influence buying behaviour directly and indirectly through product attitudes. Interest in fair trade products, price acceptability
and product liking have a significant impact on fair trade buying behaviour. Product interest is the most important variable
influencing buying behaviour. Implications for the campaigns of governments and for the marketing strategy of fair trade organisations
are offered. 相似文献
60.
The debate on ratification or revision of the proposed new Consumer Credit Directive continues. The European Parliament neither
rejected nor approved the Commission’s proposal at the plenary session on November 5, 2003. While the Commission insists on
defending the merits of the proposal, the LAC Rapporteur Würmeling calls for a complete modification. This article is intended
to serve as a navigation guide past the holes and obstacles on the winding ratification path. 相似文献