The Influence of Auguste Walras on Léon Walras

A bstract . Auguste Walras' interest in and contribution to economic theory were prompted mainly by his quest for a valid theory of property. After a critical analysis of the current theories of value , he singled out scarcity as the only significant cause of value. He concluded that land was scarce in a very special sense and, hence, should belong not to single individuals but to society as a whole. This is not, however, incompatible with private ownership of non-land capital. His famous son. Léon Walras , not only adopted this theory but also proved the feasibility of a laissez-faire type of economy in which land is nationalized. His debt to his father is also evident in his analysis of general economic equilibrium in which he makes use of valuable economic ideas and tools devised or inspired by Auguste Walras.     

NORTH AMERICAN-JAPANESE PORK TRADE: AN APPLICATION OF QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING

The main objective of this study was to develop a quarterly recursive programming model of the Japanese-North American pork industries, including the spatial and temporal aspects of the sector, for use in evaluating policy alternatives. The study outlines the structure of the Japanese pork industry and develops a five region (Eastern Canada, Western Canada, United States, Japan, Rest of the World) quadratic programming model which is able to incorporate the Japanese pork price stabilization policy that includes import quotas, a variable duty and an ad valorem duty. Supply, consumption and storage functions were estimated using data from 1963 through 1974. The validated model was used to analyze the effects of: exchange rate variations and modified Japanese domestic agricultural policies on the volume and origin of North American-Japanese pork trade. Le principal objectif de cet étude était de développer, sur une base trimestrielle, un modèle récursif de programmation de l'industrie porcine Nord Américaine et Japonnaise incluant les dimensions espace, temps, dans le but d'évaluer différentes politiques. Cet étude donne un apercu de la structure de l'industrie porcine Japonnaise en développant un modèle quadratique de programmation à grandes régions (L'Est et l'Ouest Canadien, les Etats-Unis, le Japon et le reste du monde). Ce programme est en mesure d'incorporer la politique Japonnaise de stabilisation des prix du pore dont: les quotas d'importation et les droits de doine (spécifiques ou ad-valorem). Les équations d'offre, de consommation et d'entreposage ont été estimeés sur la période 1963–1974. Ce modèle validé a servi à l'analyse des répercussions des différents taux de change, politiques agricoles Japonnaise sur le volume et l'origine du commerce du pore entre l'Amérique du Nord et le Japon.     

Sulla convergenza di un algoritmo di direzioni ammissibili per problemi di ottimo a vincoli lineari con funzione oggetto convessa non differenziabile

Se, essendof la funzione obiettivo del problema, {x ^k } e {f(x ^k )} sono le successioni delle approssimazioni rispettivamente di una soluzione ottimax ^* e dell' ottimof(x ^*) generate da un noto algoritmo di direzioni ammissibili a parametri antizigzag _k , mostriamo che per avere (a) lim _k f(x ^*)=f(x ^*) basta assumere lim _{k k} =0. Inoltre, ove si assuma in più la stretta convessità dif, si ha anche (b) lim _k x ^k =x ^*. Da quest'ultima condizione deriviamo infine specifiche ipotesi, in ordine alla (b), per il caso particolare del problema di trasporto stocastico.

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Summary The aim of the present paper is to analyze, without differentiability of the objective functionf, the convergence of a known «feasible directions» algorithm for constrained optimization problems having the constraints linear [8], 6.5.2.In these circumstances (i.e. iff is not differentiable) one must, almost in general, verify some preliminary conditions to obtain convergence [4]. Nevertheless, this work is not always easy to accomplish particularly in absence of differentiability.Here, we establish that under the convexity assumption forf, the only condition lim _{k k} =0, where the _k are the antizigzag parameters, suffices to obtain the convergence of the algorithm, i.e. lim _k f(x ^k )=opt., thex ^k being the approximate solutions to problem. The proof is obtained by application of the Th. 24.5, [6]. Successively, we consider the question if one has also the convergence of {x ^k } to optimal solution. By using now the Cor. 27.2.2, [6], we establish, for this purpose, that under an additional general qualification forf — precisely the strict convexity — the convergence of {x ^k } is also stated. Finally, we examine the above property for the stochastic transportation problem [1] for which we indicate special conditions in order to verify the latter convergence property.

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pervenuto il 28-4-82     

Out‐of‐Sample Return Predictability: A Quantile Combination Approach

This paper develops a novel forecasting method that minimizes the effects of weak predictors and estimation errors on the accuracy of equity premium forecasts. The proposed method is based on an averaging scheme applied to quantiles conditional on predictors selected by LASSO. The resulting forecasts outperform the historical average, and other existing models, by statistically and economically meaningful margins. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Una applicazione dell'approccio multistato ai fondi pensione

La modellistica multistato ha avuto recentemente significative applicazioni nelle assicurazioni di persone ed è stata impiegata anche nello studio di problemi connessi a schemi previdenziali (per questi ultimi si vedano ad esempio i lavori di Amsler, Wilkie, Linnemann). In questa nota si propone una applicazione di tale approccio all'assicurazione di invalidità — vecchiaia — superstiti nel tempo continuo, sia nel caso in cui si lavori con cause di eliminazione permanente che temporanea.

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Summary Recently the mathematics of multistate models has significantly been applied to the insurance of persons and has also been employed in the study of problems connected with pension schemes (e.g. papers written by Amsler, Wilkie, Linnemann). In this paper we suggest a time-continuous application of this approach to a pension scheme providing retirement, disability and death pensions, considering causes of permanent as well as temporary decrement and assuming the probabilistic structure is that of a time-inhomogeneous Markov process. Moreover, the paper presents the formulae of the expected present value of contributions and of benefits. In this regard, some approximate formulae are proposed for the above mentioned values.

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Ricerca finanziata con fondi 60% MURST. L'intero lavoro è frutto di una collaborazione che riguarda ogni parte del medesimo. I contributi personali di R. Pelessoni riguardano i paragrafi 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, quelli di M. Zecchin riguardano i paragrafi 1, 2.1, 2.3.     

Léon Walras and Social Justice

A bstract . Léon Walras strongly believed that without an equitable distribution of wealth there could be no social justice. Though he defended the right of private property , he considered that land was a special case and that it belonged to all the community. His social reform involved the nationalization of land , the abolition of taxation on wages , the curbing of monopoly power , and the promotion of a strong cooperative movement. He insisted that the only way the working class could regain their freedom was by becoming property owners. The influence of Henry George on Walras' thinking is obvious. They both shared the same humanitarian ideals, and both believed in a capitalist system working side by side with the social reforms they advocated.     

Debt ceiling and fiscal sustainability in Brazil: A quantile autoregression approach

In this paper we investigate fiscal sustainability by using a quantile autoregression (QAR) model. We propose a novel methodology to separate periods of nonstationarity from stationary ones, allowing us to identify various trajectories of public debt that are compatible with fiscal sustainability. We use such trajectories to construct a debt ceiling, that is, the largest value of public debt that does not jeopardize long-run fiscal sustainability. We make an out-of-sample forecast of such a ceiling and show how it could be used by Policy makers interested in keeping the public debt on a sustainable path. We illustrate the applicability of our results using Brazilian data.     

Leblon Cachaça: A born global in a traditional industry

This case describes the trajectory of Leblon, a cachaça producer that since its inception regards the world as a market for its product. Founded by entrepreneurs in 2005, the firm's production process is divided between Brazil and France, and it serves several world markets besides the U.S. and Brazil. The company is a truly born global, and the most striking feature of the firm's strategy is super premium positioning. The case was developed based on interviews with the CEO and the head of operations, complemented by secondary information. The case is suitable for use in graduate courses that address issues relating to born globals, international entrepreneurship, and international marketing.     

INTEGRATING PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION SCHEDULING DECISIONS BETWEEN TWO GEOGRAPHICALLY SEPARATED PLANTS

Integrating the scheduling of transportation between an intermediate plant and a finishing plant with the simultaneous scheduling of short run production at these plants represents a challenging problem. The paper addresses this problem and illustrates the significant potential benefits of an integrated approach to this problem.     

Un metodo di valutazione di un portafoglio assicurativo vita

Si adatta il modello proposto da L. Peccati [5] ad una concreta realtà aziendale fornendo un'analisi della redditività delbusiness assicurativo sia rispetto alla sua evoluzione temporale che alla sua origine finanziaria. Al fine di mantenere l'approccio quanto più generale possibile si modellizza il portafoglio a partire dal singolo contratto.

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Summary A method for the evaluation of life insurance portfolio has been proposed by L. Peccati in [5]. We adapt the original model to a concrete company situation. We examine the profitability of an investment in a life insurance portfolio from the viewpoint of the shareholders. In the Insurance business premia inflows preceed claims outflows so that we can consider the insurance activity as a medium/long-term funding operation. Starting from a model of the typical insurance activity, we obtain a decomposition of the NPV, distinguishing the contributions of each source of financing (i.e. equity and technical reserves) and of each time period, both for the single contract and the whole portfolio.