全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8123篇 |
免费 | 1335篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 1484篇 |
工业经济 | 617篇 |
计划管理 | 1703篇 |
经济学 | 1871篇 |
综合类 | 51篇 |
运输经济 | 119篇 |
旅游经济 | 71篇 |
贸易经济 | 1853篇 |
农业经济 | 462篇 |
经济概况 | 1223篇 |
邮电经济 | 4篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 103篇 |
2020年 | 222篇 |
2019年 | 548篇 |
2018年 | 368篇 |
2017年 | 513篇 |
2016年 | 481篇 |
2015年 | 450篇 |
2014年 | 493篇 |
2013年 | 974篇 |
2012年 | 531篇 |
2011年 | 484篇 |
2010年 | 449篇 |
2009年 | 366篇 |
2008年 | 362篇 |
2007年 | 314篇 |
2006年 | 272篇 |
2005年 | 203篇 |
2004年 | 203篇 |
2003年 | 190篇 |
2002年 | 165篇 |
2001年 | 136篇 |
2000年 | 119篇 |
1999年 | 63篇 |
1998年 | 77篇 |
1997年 | 39篇 |
1996年 | 65篇 |
1995年 | 48篇 |
1994年 | 54篇 |
1993年 | 52篇 |
1992年 | 56篇 |
1991年 | 55篇 |
1990年 | 58篇 |
1989年 | 29篇 |
1988年 | 35篇 |
1987年 | 46篇 |
1986年 | 42篇 |
1985年 | 60篇 |
1984年 | 58篇 |
1983年 | 39篇 |
1982年 | 43篇 |
1981年 | 47篇 |
1980年 | 38篇 |
1979年 | 43篇 |
1978年 | 47篇 |
1977年 | 43篇 |
1976年 | 39篇 |
1975年 | 30篇 |
1974年 | 20篇 |
1969年 | 24篇 |
排序方式: 共有9458条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Numerous studies document that criminal activity is positively related to unemployment and negatively related to educational attainment levels within given communities. We study this phenomenon in the context of a search‐equilibrium model, in which agents choose between formal employment and pursuing crime‐related activities (theft). Prior to their “occupational choices,” agents undertake costly schooling, raising their productivity. Crime acts, in essence, as a tax on human capital by affecting the probability that a worker's earnings (possessions) are subsequently appropriated. There are multiple equilibria. High crime, low levels of educational attainment, long spells of unemployment, and poverty are correlated across them. 相似文献
92.
Kwaku Atuahene‐Gima Stanley F. Slater Eric M. Olson 《Journal of Product Innovation Management》2005,22(6):464-482
While the benefits of being market oriented are largely accepted, a group of scholars and managers remain skeptical. Marketing scholars have sought to counter the criticisms leveled against market orientation (MO) by arguing that it has both responsive and proactive dimensions. However, few studies have empirically examined the complexity of the effects of these dimensions on firm performance. Drawing on theories of resource‐based advantage and organizational search behavior, this article advances understanding by arguing that responsive and proactive market orientations have curvilinear effects on product development performance, that their interaction may be positively related to product development performance, and that their effects on new product program performance are moderated differentially by the organizational implementation conditions and marketing function power. Survey results of 175 U.S. firms indicate support for most of the hypotheses. Specifically, whereas responsive MO has a U‐shaped relationship with new product program performance, proactive MO has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with new product program performance. Contrary to the arguments presented here, the interaction of both orientations is negatively related to new product program performance. This study finds that both orientations are needed; however, new product program performance is enhanced when one is at higher level and the other is at lower level. Finally, responsive MO is only positively related to new product program performance under specific conditions such as when strategic consensus among managers is high. On the other hand, the positive effect of proactive MO on new product program performance is further strengthened when learning orientation and marketing power are high. Overall, this study suggests that the effects of responsive and proactive MO on new product program performance are more complex than previously theoretically argued and empirically examined. 相似文献
93.
Sancho Salcedo‐Sanz Mario DePrado‐Cumplido María Jesús Segovia‐Vargas Fernando Prez‐Cruz Carlos Bousoo‐Calzn 《International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance & Management》2004,12(4):261-281
We propose two novel approaches for feature selection and ranking tasks based on simulated annealing (SA) and Walsh analysis, which use a support vector machine as an underlying classifier. These approaches are inspired by one of the key problems in the insurance sector: predicting the insolvency of a non‐life insurance company. This prediction is based on accounting ratios, which measure the health of the companies. The approaches proposed provide a set of ratios (the SA approach) and a ranking of the ratios (the Walsh analysis ranking) that would allow a decision about the financial state of each company studied. The proposed feature selection methods are applied to the prediction the insolvency of several Spanish non‐life insurance companies, yielding state‐of‐the‐art results in the tests performed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
94.
This paper examines the competitive characteristics of U.S. manufacturers in the machine tool (MT) industry. After several decades of decline, this industry has recently shown signs of a modest but sustained recovery. Empirical evidence from a national survey of 104 MT producers suggests that the revival of this sector has been driven by a combination of factors, including renewed export involvement, improved customer support, and better product design. Although most MT companies are small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the survey data show that very small SMEs are poorly represented in the recovery thrust of the industry as a whole. Our principal conclusion is that the MT industry has been following an export-led path toward stabilization, but that certain types of small producers are unlikely to thrive for very long. The most serious problems facing small producers include shrinking local markets, import competition, shortages of skilled labor, and cyclical demand. 相似文献
95.
Kyoung‐Jae Kim 《International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance & Management》2004,12(3):167-176
A feature transformation method based on domain knowledge for arti?cial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed. The method of feature transformation based on domain knowledge converts continuous values into discrete values in accordance with the knowledge of experts in speci?c application domains. This approach effectively ?lters data, trains the classi?er, and extracts the rules from the classi?er. In addition, it reduces the dimensionality of the feature space, which not only decreases the cost and time in the operation but also enhances the generalizability of the classi?er. The experimental results of the proposed approach will be compared and tested statistically with the results of the linear transformation method. The results show that the method of feature transformation based on domain knowledge outperforms the linear transformation in modelling of ANNs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
96.
Christopher J. Robertson Richard P. Lindsay Marcelo Perez‐Verzini 《Thunderbird国际商业评论》2006,48(4):537-553
The Cuban economy has experienced a significant increase in foreign direct investment over the past decade due to the end of the Soviet Union and the establishment of more liberal trade policies. Although the U.S. embargo of trade with Cuba still exists, there has been movement lately that suggests the end of the four‐decades‐old policy. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current Cuban business environment and to identify potential entrepreneurial opportunities in the service sector. Major trade partners are also reviewed and managerial implications discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
97.
Leo V. Ryan 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》1995,4(1):36-42
An experienced educationalist comments on the views of top Polish business students on ethics in public life, government and business in modern Poland. The author is Wicklander Professor of Professional Ethics at DePaul University, Chicago, and also served recently as Visiting Fulbright Professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland. He is currently President of the Society of Business Ethics in the USA. 相似文献
98.
Suchismita Mishra Arun J. Prakash Gordon V. Karels Manferd Peterson 《Journal of Economics and Finance》2005,29(1):85-96
The present study empirically examines the contribution of the acquired banks in only the nonconglomerate types of mergers
(i.e., banks with banks), where the bulk of the payment is in the form of equity to the acquiring bank and finds overwhelmingly
statistically significant evidence that nonconglomerate types of mergers definitely reduce the total as well as the unsystematic
risk while having no statistically significant effect on systematic risk. Therefore, it seems that diversification may be
a possible motive for bank mergers. 相似文献
99.
Zusammenfassung Es wird eine optimale Strategie im Sinne des minimalen erwarteten Verlustes für die beiden Entscheidungeny>y
o undyy
o aufgrund der Messungen einer mitY positiv korrelierten, einfacher und/oder billiger zugänglichen ZufallsvariablenX abgeleitet. Dabei wird angenommen, daßX undY nach einer bivariaten Normalverteilung mit bekannten Parametern verteilt sind und die Entscheidungyy
o getroffen wird, wennx größer ist als ein zu bestimmendesx
o, und die Entscheidungy>y
o, wennx gleich oder kleiner als diesesx
o ist. Für die Bestimmung des optimalenx
o werden zunächst die Kosten für die beiden Fehlentscheidungen jeweils als konstant vorausgesetzt, in einem weiteren Ansatz wird jedoch für die Mißklassifikationyy
o eine mity exponentiell wachsende Risikofunktion angenommen. Um die relative Häufigkeit der zu erwartenden Fehlklassifikationen abschätzen zu können, wird schließlich die bedingte WahrscheinlichkeitP(x>x
o,y) errechnet.
Summary An optimal strategy, with minimum expected risk, for the decisionsy>y o oryy o is constructed on the basis of the measurement of a variableX, which is positively correlated withY and can be measured more easily and/or with smaller expense. A bivariate normal distribution with known parameters is assumed forX andY. For the observationsx a limitx o is aimed at, so that the decisionsy>y o oryy o are taken ifx>x orxx o respectively. Optimal values ofx o are first calculated under the assumption of constant losses for the two misclassifications (x>x o ifyy o andxx o ify>y o). In a further approach the loss for a wrong decisionyy o is assumed to increase exponentially withy. Finally the conditional probabilityP (x>x o\y) is calculated to get an assessment of the relative frequencies of wrong decisions to be expected.相似文献
100.
Akhavein Jalal D. Swamy P. A. V. B. Taubman Stephen B. Singamsetti Rao N. 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》1997,8(1):71-93
This article develops a new method of estimating inefficiencies in joint production and shows that unlike the approaches utilized in the previous studies of inefficiency, this method maintains a consistent relationship between the error term of a profit function and the error terms of its price derivatives. A useful by-product of the method is a proof of a Hotelling-like lemma that relates stochastic input demand and output supply functions to stochastic profit functions. While the previous studies fit a single frontier to data on all firms, this paper estimates a frontier unique to every observed firm to allow each one to have a different potential of achieving maximal levels of profit. The new method is applied in the analysis of annual data, 1984–1989, for U.S. commercial banks. Both the analytical and numerical results of the paper show that the residual that the previous studies attribute to inefficiency includes the effects of excluded variables and of inaccuracies in the specified functional forms. Once accurate estimates of these effects are subtracted from the residual, the distortions in the measured inefficiencies should be considerably reduced. Consequently, this article considers how such estimates might be obtained. 相似文献