Building resilience: Mainstreaming community participation into integrated assessment of resilience to climatic hazards in metropolitan land use management

Building resilience is critical for metropolitan land use planning to strengthen the ability to cope with and minimize climatic disaster risks. Challenges still remain for metropolitan agencies in identifying the components or metrics for measuring resilience. Particularly, uncertainties in climate change and diversification in local contexts compel urban planners to mainstream community participation, indigenous knowledge and local attributes into the resilience assessment. This article aims to propose a novel methodology for assessing resilience, which can encourage stakeholder participation and communicate planners in shaping metropolitan land use policies. Using the Taichung metropolis, Taiwan as the study area, this article created a resilience metric called the Climatic Hazard Resilience Indicators for Localities (CHRIL) that is appropriate for use in a policy context. Then, this metric combined a fuzzy multicriteria decision analysis with a participatory geographic information system approach to measure and map resilience to climatic hazards. Through the participation of experts, local officers and community members, a multivariate analysis was applied to explain why low resilience areas occur in specific locations. Moreover, we performed a cluster analysis to group the areas into several types of resilience and revealed the relationship between the resilience factors and overall local development patterns. Results show that conflicts and tradeoffs may exist between some resilience factors, especially socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptive capacity. The findings provide stakeholders and policy-makers with a better governance structure to design and synthesize appropriate patchworks of planning measures for different types of resilience areas to reduce climatic hazard risks.     

建设工程招投标不同计价方法下的比较分析

定额和工程量清单是基于不同背景产生的两种建设工程计价方法,在现阶段工程建设招投标中并行采用。本文试图对两者分别进行阐述,就两种模式下的招投标各自特点和操作方式的不同进行比较分析,并对两者的发展前景进行探讨。     

Change in international market strategy as a reaction to performance decline

While a great deal of research has explored how international marketing strategy influences performance, researchers have paid scant attention to understanding changes to international marketing strategy resulting from firm reaction to past performance. In this study, organizational learning theory addresses when and how international marketing strategy will change. Employing data from over 500 exporters, the results, which are consistent with theoretical predictions, indicate that (1) firms are generally not prone to inertia and do, in fact, change their international marketing strategy when facing declines in performance, and (2) that the direction of change depends on the level of competition in the specific foreign market, with firms adapting their international marketing strategy in low competitive markets and standardizing their international marketing strategy in highly competitive markets. The paper includes implications for academics and practitioners.     

新型城镇化建设中的县域金融支持问题研究--以吉林省吉林市为例

积极稳妥推进新型城镇化建设既是当前扩大有效需求的现实选择,也是未来经济增长的重要推动力量,而新型城镇化建设需要强有力的金融支持。本文分析了吉林地区县域金融支持新型城镇化建设的主要成效,指出了目前县域金融支持新型城镇化建设面临的障碍,提出了切实可行的政策建议。     

基于模因-顺应模式的广告模糊语研究

模糊性是一种基本的语言现象,存在于自然语言的各个方面。模糊语凭借其幽默含蓄、灵活简洁等语用功能被广泛的应用于广告语言创作中。本文结合模因论和顺应论,论证广告模糊语是以模因的形式存在、在不断选择与顺应的过程中幸存下来的语言模因产物,具体的说,广告模糊语得以广泛的流传是因为其凭借自身的模因属性有效地顺应广告受众的交际语境（心理世界、社交世界、物理世界）,从而不断的被选择、复制及传播,最终形成模因。     

Drivers and outcomes of importer adaptation in international buyer–seller relationships

Notwithstanding the growing literature on international buyer–seller relationships, limited attention has been given to the crucial role of adaptation in enhancing relationship performance, especially from the standpoint of the importer. This article reports the findings of a study, conducted among 167 British importers, focusing on the factors that drive their adaptation in the working relationship with Western European or U.S. export manufacturers, as well as its resulting performance outcomes. It was revealed that trust positively affects commitment and cooperation, while communication positively influences cooperation but has no effect on commitment. Both commitment and cooperation subsequently lead to importer adaptation. It was also found that adaptive importers tend to be more conducive to effective and efficient relationship outcomes. Finally, the study confirmed that both the links between adaptation and relationship effectiveness and adaptation and relationship efficiency are moderated by both the level of dependence on and distance from the exporter.     

Prospects for Canada's protected areas in an era of rapid climate change

Given the known and potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem composition, structure, and function, some recent studies question the efficacy and relevancy of current protected area policies and management objectives. For example, in a rapidly changing climate is it practical to continue to identify and protect ‘representative’ samples of the natural heritage estate? This paper examines a number of climate-related issues that now confront agencies and organizations responsible for the protection of natural heritage areas, including the roles of protected areas, representation targets, ecological integrity, protected area design, management techniques, research and monitoring needs, and agency capacity to respond. Potential avenues for adaptation are proposed in light of these issues. The development and implementation of a cross-jurisdictional landscape-scale strategic conservation framework focused on protecting, connecting, and restoring ecosystems will be fundamental to enhancing ecological resilience to climate change. We conclude that even though climate change presents unprecedented and significant challenges, the protected area contribution to ecosystem function and human health and well-being will remain an essential and worthwhile investment in the 21st century.     

Coping with resettlement: A livelihood adaptation analysis in the Mekong River basin

A major driver of change in the Mekong River basin relates to hydropower development and the consequent changes in landscape and natural resource access regime that it induces. In this paper, we examine how the livelihoods of resettlers evolve following resettlement, and examine the determinants of that process. The study takes place in the context of the Theun Hinboun Expansion Project in Lao PDR. Based on longitudinal household surveys conducted before resettlement as well as 1, 2, and 3 years after resettlement, we identify the process of livelihood adaptation in resettled communities. Results show varying capacity to absorb shocks and cope with change even within a small village with seemingly equal conditions. Our results suggest that a more detailed understanding of this adaptation process is key to improving interventions for rebuilding the livelihoods of those resettled by development projects in rural areas.     

Can harmful events be another source of environmental traps?

This paper aims to present a new explanation for environmental traps through the presence of endogenous hazard rate. We show that adaptation and mitigation policies affect the occurrence of environmental traps differently. The former could cause environmental traps, whereas the latter could help society avoid such traps by decreasing the probability of a harmful event occurring. As a result, we present a new trade-off between adaptation and mitigation policies different than the usual dynamic trade-off that is highlighted in many studies and is crucial to developing countries. Contrary to the literature, when an economy is in a trap, an economy with a high environmental quality equilibrium tends to be more conservative in terms of resource exploitation than an economy with a low environmental quality equilibrium, which implies a heterogeneous reaction against the endogenous hazard rate.     

Tourist responses to climate change: Potential impacts and adaptation in Florida's coastal destinations

Florida, one of the world's most visited tourist destinations, holds one of the most vulnerable positions as a result of climate change. Through a quantitative survey, this study gathered the responses of 432 tourists who had previously visited Florida, with a hypothetical scenario of changed climatic conditions. The examination of the tourist perspective showed the presence of ample sunshine and factors related to beach comfort as the reasons for choosing the destination. In a scenario were beaches disappear and tropical diseases become more widespread, the majority of respondents stated they would choose a different destination. However, respondents would reconsider their intentions if adaptation measures such as reduced prices, coastal habitat conservation and measures to protect beaches from erosion and coastal areas from inundation were in place. The findings suggest that seasonal and geographic shifts in tourism demand could be mitigated by the implementation of adaptation measures at the destination level.