Ethnic Enclaves to Diaspora Entrepreneurs: A Critical Appraisal of Black British Africans' Transnational Entrepreneurship in London

In this article, the author examines the transition from ethnic enclave to diaspora/transnational entrepreneurship by Black African ethnic entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom through interview/case study approaches. Key issues at stake are whether diaspora/transnational entrepreneurship is a kind of adaptive process in self-actualization, economic empowerment, or competitive advantage or a strategy of reintegration with the country of origin. Leveraging duality of opportunities results in subjective successful business performance and personal contentment of the diaspora entrepreneurs. Transnational entrepreneurship is crucial to business growth in Africa. This is particularly true with diaspora transfers to Africa playing a significant role in social, economic, and business developments.     

英国保险业演化发展过程及对我国的启示

英国是较早建立保险制度的国家，其风险经营管理思想迄今已有300多年历史。通过探讨英国风险经营管理的基本原理以及在过去300年间的演化过程，把握英国保险业发展特征与动力，总结其对我国保险业发展的借鉴启示。     

大学英语专业听力教学中的文化渗透

在英语专业教学中,学生听力的培养至关重要,而学生文化背景知识的匮乏是制约其听力能力提高的主要因素之一,因此,在专业英语听力教学中加强英美文化的渗透就显得尤为重要。本文简要分析文化背景知识的不足对听力教学的影响,主要探索在听力教学中有效实现文化渗透的主要途径。     

Shared decision-making in tourism land use planning

A Canadian government commission dealing with environmental resources attempted to incorporate several innovative approaches for shared decision-making into its strategic land use planning process for central British Columbia. This paper describes a framework of design and evaluative criteria for guiding such shared decision-making processes. It uses these criteria to assess the efficacy of the process from the perspective of those tourism stakeholders who participated in this planning exercise. The article offers recommendations to government as well as tourism sector organizations concerning the management of future public land use planning strategies designed to fully incorporate stakeholders into such processes.

Résumé

Les décisions partagées au sujet de la politique foncière du tourisme. Une commission du gouvernement canadien s'occupant des ressources environnementales a essayé d'incorporer plusieurs nouvelles méthodes de décisions partagées dans la planification des stratégies d'utilisation foncière pour la Colombie britannique centrale. Cet article décrit un cadre de critères pour la conception et l'évaluation des processus de décisions partagées. L'article utilise ces critères pour mesurer l'efficacité du processus du point de vue des planificateurs. Il fait des recommandations au gouvernement et aux organisations touristiques au sujet de la planification et de la future gestion de l'utilisation de la propriété publique pour que tous les intéressés soient compris dans ces processus.     

英国中小公司区分立法解读及启示

英国公司法正在进行150年来最重要的一次修改,其中最突出的修改是“首先考虑小公司”:公司法所作的制度安排应围绕小公司来展开,对大公司采取例外适用,在决策程序、资本制度、公司治理等方面实行大小公司区分立法。在我国的公司法研究中,也一直存在过分关注股份有限公司等大公司,忽视有限责任公司等中小公司的情况,表现在立法上则忽视二者的差异,制度混同情况比较突出,后者的制度设计依附于前者,已不适应中小企业的发展。是否公开募集资本是大小公司制度差异的根源,我们应借鉴英国公司法的修改,从大小公司制度差异的角度完善我国公司立法。     

Surf Tourism and Sustainable Development in Indo-Pacific Islands. II. Recreational Capacity Management and Case Study

Recreational capacity is a function of the natural and social environment, the activity concerned, and the management regime. Indo-Pacific surf destinations with cheap and open access and no capacity management have experienced crowding, crime, pollution and price collapses. Many island surf breaks can handle only a few surfers at once because of the shape of the reefs. A crowding factor may be conceptualised as the proportion of rideable waves each surfer is forced to cede to another boardrider. Quota management systems using operator permits need to incorporate the complexity of the environment and the industry, but be equitable enough to gain general acceptance, and simple enough to enforce without dispute. Siberut Island in the Mentawai chain near West Sumatra, Indonesia, is covered by dense tropical rainforest which supports a number of endangered species and has been proposed as a Biosphere Reserve. It is also home to indigenous village communities with traditional social and religious practices. This island is subject to commercial logging and plantation agriculture, and tourism seems to be the only politically realistic economic alternative at present. To provide infrastructure for long-term growth in nature and cultural tourism, an immediate source of tourism revenue is needed. The most immediate option seems to be surf lodges on some of the smaller Mentawai Islands, which have already been largely cleared and are already visited by boat-based surf tour operators. Operators will only invest in lodges if they can acquire preferential rights to particular surf breaks. Hence the recreational capacity of the islands for surf tourism must be determined, and allocated between operators through a management system. Relevant data and one management option are presented here.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

The migrant contribution to the British hotel industry

The contribution of migrants to the British hotel industry is elucidated and discussed. Different cultural backgrounds amongst migrants encourage new approaches to the solution of hotel operating problems. The determination and innovative drive of migrants has had a number of beneficial effects.     

Political economy and other idioms: French views on English development, 1815-48

This article investigates the role of political economy in the shaping of French views of British economic performance. It is argued that the potential of political economic for spreading a favourable interpretation of British development was not in fact realized until the end of the period considered. One reason for this was that earlier on, the image of economic Britain suffered from the legacy of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, with a link often being established between British pauperism and British aristocratic, ‘feudal’ society and government. Additionally, political economy struggled to gain ascendancy over other modes of social analysis, like Saint-Simonism and the science of administration, which either combined with it, thus affecting its potential for a favourable understanding of Britain, or directly challenged it.     

Knowing the shape of demand: Britain's exports of ponchos to the Southern Cone,c. 1810s–70s

British textile exporters have supplied South America since well before the Napoleonic Wars. However, only from the 1810s onwards did British merchants establish houses in the region, quickly mastering the market. As far as the demand for coarse cloaks was concerned, both creoles and natives stuck firmly to ponchos. Because of the intrinsic characteristics of ponchos, local demand led British supply and, in an innovative process of adaptation, British manufacturers exported ponchos on a considerable scale to the markets of southern South America.