资源型经济影响下的现代农业发展

本文从资源型经济和现代农业发展两者相结合角度出发,研究资源型经济影响下农民和煤矿资源开发者发展意图的差别所造成的农民发展现代农业的行为和煤矿资源开发者行为的冲突,矿产资源开发者选择破坏资源环境行为发展路径和农民选择保护资源环境行为发展路径。这两种发展路径决定着只有建立煤矿资源开发者和农民良性互动发展机制才能保证资源型经济影响下现代农业的发展。     

湖南省农户自为从事两型农业生产的实证分析

随着工业化、城镇化的深入发展,我国农业发展面临资源环境的双重约束.解决我国农业资源环境双重约束的根本出路在于走资源节约型、环境友好型农业(即“两型农业”)之路.以湖南省332个农户为研究对象,通过问卷调查考察农户自为从事两型农业生产的行为.调查显示,当前农户对发展两型农业的行为态度给予负面评价,在主观规范上缺少一定的压力以及感知行为控制能力低下,从而导致农户自为发展两型农业的意向低下.     

Spatial stochastic frontier models: controlling spatial global and local heterogeneity

In the last decade special attention has been focused on estimating a firm’s efficiency and productivity; Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) has been one of the most used techniques that allows the separation of inefficiency from stochastic noise, assuming homogeneous technology is available to all producers and that there is independence between observations. However, this second assumption is violated data are spatial auto-correlated, thus biasing statistical inference. Attention has, therefore, shifted to models that allow the controlling of heterogeneity introducing, in the model or in the error term, contextual variables correlated with inefficiency. In our paper we propose viewing the spatial external factors (natural or artificial) in a new way: instead of identifying ex-ante a multitude of determinants, often statistically and economically difficult to detect, we suggested using an original methodology that, following a classical SFA approach, splits efficiency into three components: the first one is linked to the spatial lag, the second one to the DMU’s specificities, and the third to the error term. Finally, we tested our method using simulated data and examined the Italian wine sector, testing the ability to control spatial, global and local heterogeneity.     

Legacy sectors: barriers to global innovation in agriculture and energy

The US national innovation system has a dual structure: part suited to rapid innovation, and part stubbornly resistant to change. The complex, established ‘Legacy sectors’ that resist change, particularly disruptive innovation, share common features that obstruct the market launch of innovations, over and above the ‘valley of death’ and other obstacles that have been the traditional focus of innovation policy. Innovations in Legacy sectors must penetrate a well-established and well-defended technological/economic/political/social paradigm that favours existing technology, characterised by (1) ‘perverse’ subsidies and price structures that create a mismatch between the incentives of producers and broader social goals, such as environmental sustainability, public health and safety, and geopolitical security; (2) established infrastructure and institutional architecture that imposes regulatory hurdles or other disadvantages to new entrants (3) market imperfections beyond those faced by other innovations: network economies, lumpiness, economies of scale, split incentives, needs for collective action, and transaction costs (4) politically powerful vested interests, reinforced by public support, that defend the paradigm and resist innovations that threaten their business models (5) public habits and expectations attuned to existing technology and (6) an established knowledge and human resources structure adapted to its needs. Beyond these obstacles, more socially desirable technologies that are driven by environmental or other non-market considerations must overcome the lack of agreed replacement standards against which putative alternatives can be judged. We have developed a new, integrative analytic framework for categorising the obstacles to market launch faced by Legacy sectors, and earlier applied this method to energy, health delivery, the long-distance electric grid, building, and air transport. In energy especially, the requirement for innovation is sufficiently urgent that large-scale domestic and collaborative international research should take place even at the cost of possible competitive disadvantage and even if it is some time before the USA adopts carbon charges and thereby puts pressure on the prevailing paradigm of fossil fuel use. We now extend this method to sustainable agriculture. American paradigms in agriculture and in energy are exported worldwide, delaying the development and spread of needed innovations that are not consistent with them. Foreign manufacturers wishing to enter US markets must suit their products in these sectors to American paradigms, while American exports of technology may be insufficiently cost conscious or respectful of environmental sustainability. Developing countries are technology takers and suffer from asymmetric innovative capability. They need to choose sources of technology best suited to their situation. India and China constitute new competitive threats, but also represent ‘innovative developing countries’ that have large domestic markets in which they are launching innovations aimed at their lower income populations.     

黑龙江省发展现代化大农业的理论思考

在今后一定时期,发展现代化大农业是黑龙江省农业和农村经济发展的主题和战略任务。现代化大农业首先是现代农业,其次是具有“大”字特征的现代农业,其中“大规模”是发展现代化大农业的物质基础,“大组织”是其经营主体,“大农机”是生产工具,“大科技”是生产手段,“大服务”是保障体系,“大市场”是支撑条件,“大产业”是实现形式和发展理念,“大产出”是发展目标和必然结果。     

依托“农超对接”实施农产品品牌化战略

"农超对接"为农产品的生产流通提供了一个良好的新模式,生产销售直接对接,直接对消费者负责,满足市场的需求。而在此基础上继续农产品品牌建设,不仅将"农超对接"的高度大大提升,而且品牌建设必将更为顺利和高效。这不仅符合消费者的需求,更是解决我国居民菜篮子问题的一条新途径,对于三农问题的解决、社会主义新农村的建设也同样具有重要意义。就"农超对接"下农产品品牌建设的相关背景、当下发展状况、实践经验和模式探索进行了研究,主要以山东省威海地区作为主要研究对象展开相关课题。     

气候变化对农业和粮食生产影响的研究进展与发展方向

农业是以作物生长为基础,因此,受气候变化的影响很大。我国幅员辽阔,东西和南北之间气候 差异显著。气候变化将直接导致我国主要农区水资源和热量资源时空分布格局变化。农业生产所依赖的土 壤肥力和作物品种资源及其抗逆性也会在气候变化的作用下发生变化。气候变化直接导致局部地区农业气 候灾害和农业病虫害频度与强度加剧。在气候变化作用下,我国农业作物种植制度、农业生产结构和地区 布局将会发生相应的变化,导致我国粮食产量波动变化,甚至影响到国家粮食安全。因此,迫切需要深入 分析气候变化对我国农业和粮食生产影响的研究进展,提出进一步深入研究的重点发展方向。目前,国内 外围绕气候变化对农业和粮食生产的影响开展了很多研究。综合进来,主要有集中在气候变化对农区水热 土资源要素时空分布变化的影响,对作物品种抗逆性、抗逆基因、品种改良的影响与适应,对作物种植制 度、生产结构与地区布局的影响与适应,对农业生物灾害和非生物灾害尤其是农业旱涝灾害发生的影响, 以及对粮食产量、国家粮食安全和农业发展的影响等方面。从发展趋势看,深入开展气候变化对我国农业 和粮食生产系统的影响机理及适应机制研究,科学地把握气候变化背景下水热资源条件、土壤肥力、品种 资源等变化规律,揭示农业病虫害流行暴发特征和气象灾害发生机理,模拟、分析和预测气候变化对我国 农业、粮食生产和国家粮食安全的影响程度和变化趋势,具有重大的科学价值和现实意义,因而也将是气 候变化对农业和粮食生产影响研究的重点发展方向。     

新时期中国农业可持续发展的目标定位与基本思路

片面开发农业的经济生产功能,这是当前我国农业发展的重大误区,也是农业难以持续发展的重 要原因。事实上农业具有多元功能,且这些功能相互促进,优化农业功能结构,强化农业非直接经济生产 功能,这是新时期农业可持续发展的根本方向。文章在深入分析农业功能结构特征基础上,结合时代背景 和发展任务,确定新时期农业可持续发展的总目标和各个分目标,并对其发展原则和发展障碍作了分析, 认为政策构建可由基础准备层、中间支持层和高级强化层三次构成,每个层次对应着不同的行动措施。     

浅谈美国现代农业的几个特点

基于赴美实地调研与考察,应用文献综述、案例分析与比较方法,对美国农业政策、农业区域布 局、农田管理技术、农业经营方式等方面的特点进行了简要梳理。得出如下主要观点:（1）农情监测及防 灾减灾是规避风险和统筹管理的重要保障;2）农业补贴及农技推广是保障美国现代农业可持续发展的有 效手段;（3）节水高效农业是美国现代农业发展的重要技术手段;（4）农业区域布局及机械化管理是提高 生产效率、降低生产成本的基本前提;（5）劳动力短缺是美国现代农业发展的重大障碍。