Perception and use of landscape concepts in the procedure of Environmental Impact Assessment: Case study—Switzerland and Romania

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) defines landscape as “an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors”. Because all aspects linked to landscape are evaluated during the Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) procedure, we assessed the Swiss and Romanian experts’ perception and EIA reports regarding the landscape concept. Therefore, we analysed Swiss and Romanian experts’ perception of landscape, we evaluated concepts and methods used in environmental impact reports to assess landscape characteristics and functions, and how the ELC's aim and objectives are reflected by the EIA reports.The Canonical Correspondence Analysis performed to evaluate the experts’ perception of landscape integration in the EIA procedure showed a significant relationship among pattern of answers and experts’ professional background. Moreover, there is a significant difference between Swiss and Romanian expert's perception. Longer experience in the field and a higher level of education indicates higher awareness of landscape characteristics and properties, which demonstrates that alongside with the initial training, there is a need for developing a coherent long-life learning systems having landscape analysis as a focus.The ELC is familiar to nearly 86% of the Romanian Environmental Impact Assessment actors and nearly 29% of the Swiss experts. By contrast, most of the Romanian EIA reports analysed do not employ many concepts of the ELC, while most of the Swiss environmental reports incorporate objectives of landscape protection consistent with the Convention.Our study relies on the comparative investigation of representative case studies of Environmental Impact Assessment reports for industry, local infrastructures, tourism facilities, and wind farm projects, as well on tracking how the European Landscape Convention is reflected by the EIA reports. We found that EIA reports from both countries evaluate the visual landscape, thus, achieving subjective assessment of landscape aesthetics without focusing on social and ecological sub-systems. Quantitative elements of landscape analysis are mostly absent and it is challenging to evaluate whether environmental assessments are consistent among European Landscape Convention countries.To overcome the abstract way of evaluation of project's impact on landscape through EIA procedure, an improved landscape analysis procedure is needed and we propose developing technical guidelines, under the European Landscape Convention umbrella, in order to enhance landscape management.     

Simultaneous multidimensional unfolding and cluster analysis: An investigation of strategic groups

This paper develops a maximum likelihood based methodology for simultaneously performing multidimensional unfolding and cluster analysis on two-way dominance or profile data. This new procedure utilizes mixtures of multivariate conditional normal distributions to estimate a joint space of stimulus coordinates and K ideal points, one for each cluster or group, in a T-dimensional space. The conditional mixture, maximum likelihood methodology is introduced together with an E-M algorithm utilized for parameter estimation. A marketing strategy application is provided with an analysis of PIMS data for a set of firms drawn from the same competitive industry to determine strategic groups, while simultaneously depicting strategy-performance relationships.INSEAD     

利用逻辑分析仪分析微机系统的数据流

本文描述通过应用HP1630A逻辑分析仪对MCS的典型状态数据流进行检测,从而对MCS的程序流进行分析,其目的在于为MCS的数据流分析提供一种可靠而有效的方法.     

The Qualitative and Quantitative Significance of Non-Tariff Barriers: An ERP study of Norway

Along with a de-escalation of tariffsin most industrialized countries, a wide range of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) has been developed. NTBs are more challenging to study than tariffsbecause they are more difficult to detect and measure, and because the qualitative functioning of NTBs varies according to their design. In particular, equivalent tariff rate estimates on import quantity restrictions will endogenously react to domestic market shifts, for instance as a result of shifts in other commercial policy measures. Besides emphasizing the quantitative dominance of NTBs to tariffs in the Norwegian trade policy system, this study of Effective Rates of Protection clearly illustrates that it may be critical for trade policy studies to model qualitatively the interdependency between different policy measures.     

LC振荡器寄生振荡的分析和消除

振荡器在不需要的频率发生的寄生振荡(不一定是由寄生参数引起，在这里暂且称其为寄生振荡)，对振荡器的设计与调试带来了很大的困扰。本文对寄生振荡进行理论了分析，并提出避免寄生振荡的措施。     

An analysis of the first ten volumes of research in Accounting, Business and Financial History

Although numerous studies have focused upon the publishing patterns of leading academic accounting journals, the area of accounting history has largely been neglected. This paper uses standard content and citation techniques to analyse the 155 articles published in the first ten volumes of Accounting, Business and Financial History across the period 1990 to 2000. It highlights the leading individual and institutional contributors to ABFH, the major foci of their studies and the journals, articles and scholars exerting the greatest influence upon ABFH authors.     

对ISO／TC 193国际标准采用对象的浅析

按照通用基础标准,产品标准,试验方法标准,性质测量标准分类,对国际标准化组织天然气技术委员（ＩＳＯ／ＴＣ１９３）已出版而我国还未采用和准备采用的标准项目,以及进入ＩＳＯ不同制修订阶段的标准项目等采标对象做了概括的分析,并提出了是否采用及采用程度的建议,为采用国际标准决策提供了参考。     

两广旅游合作机制形成的博弈分析

区域旅游合作已经成为旅游产业发展的方向。引用博弈论论述了两广旅游竞争基础上的合作是区域旅游合作的较好形式。无障碍旅游具有的旅游要素自由流动、强大的旅游带动能力是两广旅游竞合机制形成的有效途径。     

当前我国纺织业贸易趋势预测与扩大出口政策性见解

纺织服装业作为中国最具有比较优势和竞争优势的产业,随着2005年全球纺织品贸易配额体制宣告结束,我国纺织服装外贸面临着新的机遇和挑战。因此,利用指数回归分析对未来两年我国纺织服装外贸的情况进行预测,同时针对目前我国纺织服装外贸的现状进行分析并提出相关的出口促进建议,显得尤为必要和及时。     

基于主成分法的区域主导产业选择评价——以湖北随州市为例

基于主成分法评价结果,随州市应以专用车及零部件制造业、电子信息技术产业、食用菌生产及深加工业为主导产业,并在规模及专业化、产业链完善、创新等方面积极促进。