Cyclical correlations, credit contagion, and portfolio losses

We model aggregate credit losses on large portfolios of financial positions contracted with firms subject to both cyclical default correlation and direct default contagion processes. Cyclical correlation is due to the dependence of firms on common economic factors. Contagion is associated with the local interaction of firms with their business partners. We provide an explicit normal approximation of the distribution of portfolio losses. We quantify the relation between the variability of global economic fundamentals, strength of local firm interaction, and the fluctuation of losses. We find that cyclical oscillations in fundamentals dominate average losses, while local interaction causes additional fluctuations of losses around their average. The strength of the contagion-induced loss variability depends on the complexity of the business partner network.     

我国小额农贷可持续发展的困境及对策研究——基于绍兴地区的调研

小额农贷的推出改变了传统扶贫方式主要依靠国家财政或外来捐赠资金、扶贫效果不明显的局面,依靠一种新型的信贷运作模式实现了部分地区扶贫项目的规范化、长期化运作。但我国农村小额信贷的发展目前仍处于实验探索阶段,还面临着各种各样的风险和挑战。本文以浙江绍兴地区为例分析了我国农村小额信贷发展过程中的问题,并提出有针对性的建议以实现我国小额农贷的可持续发展。     

商业银行客户信用评级研究--基于平衡计分卡视角

信贷业务是国内商业银行的主营业务,客户信用评级作为控制商业银行信贷风险的重要一环是商业银行进行授信、贷款审批和贷后管理的基础。客户信用评级体系的开发和完善也成为了当前银行工作的重点。文章基于平衡计分卡的视角,针对当前商业银行客户信用评级管理的现状与不足,从四个方面对评级指标进行选取。同时使用层次分析法对指标体系进行权重分配并设定相应的评分标准和客户信用等级,最后通过案例分析对模型的操作性和有效性进行了验证。文章的评级模型并不同于国外研究论述的数学模型,其在操作上更加简便,信息获取也较为方便,更加适合当前我国商业银行借鉴和使用,因此也在一定程度上对我国商业银行客户信用评级体系的不断完善提供了参考意见。     

Accounting data and the credit spread: An empirical investigation

Measures of credit risk based on Merton (1974) rely upon information available in the market prices of securities. Under the Efficient Market Hypothesis market prices should reflect all available information and, hence, make redundant all other information in the analysis of credit risk. This paper examines whether accounting data are fully reflected in the market-based measures of credit risk and therefore has no role in explaining variations in the credit spread on corporate bonds. We use a sample consisting of over 11,000 firm-quarter observations with matched equity, bond and accounting data. The results suggest that equity volatility and Merton's distance-to-default outperform accounting variables in explaining variations in the credit spread. However, accounting variables are incrementally informative in explaining variations in the credit spread when considered in conjunction with market-based measures. Within the set of accounting variables considered, we find that the profitability ratio is by far the most incrementally informative accounting variable.     

中国农户面临的信贷排斥——来自4625个样本的数据

基于微观调查数据,采用有序 Probit 模型对影响农户信贷排斥的因素进行分析,研究发现：在农村地区,农户家庭主事者的性别、年龄对其家庭能否获得贷款用于生产性投资影响显著;家庭成员的总体受教育程度越高,其缓解家庭受信贷排斥的作用就越大;同样,家庭耕地规模越大和家庭年总收入越高的农户可以避免信贷排斥,而家庭负债越高的农户则面临着严重的信贷排斥。居住在自有住房里的农户和居住在商业中心周边的农户顺利获得贷款的概率较大。     

Credit market failure intervention: Do government sponsored small business credit programs enrich poorer areas?

Using local market employment rates as our measure of economic performance, we find a positive and significant correlation between the average annual level of employment in a local market and the level of SBA guaranteed lending in that local market. Furthermore, the intensity of this correlation is much larger in low-income markets. Indeed, our results suggest that this correlation is positive and significant only in low-income markets. This result has important implications for public policy in general and SBA guaranteed lending in particular.

FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets

In this paper, we examine the various links among foreign direct investment (FDI), financial markets, and economic growth. We explore whether countries with better financial systems can exploit FDI more efficiently. Empirical analysis, using cross-country data between 1975 and 1995, shows that FDI alone plays an ambiguous role in contributing to economic growth. However, countries with well-developed financial markets gain significantly from FDI. The results are robust to different measures of financial market development, the inclusion of other determinants of economic growth, and consideration of endogeneity.     

旅游高职院校教学改革思考

随着社会经济的发展,各行各业对实用性人才的需求日益增大,因此,深入教学改革,提高旅游高职教育教学的质量问题慢慢凸显出来。本文就深入教学改革,对影响旅游高职教育教学质量的因素进行分析并提出相应的对策。     

An Empirical Investigation of Trade Credit Demand

This paper investigates the motivations for a firm's demand for trade credit. Demand for credit is modelled as a function of transaction costs motivations, financing motivations, operational considerations, seller compliance issues and supplier marketing, whilst controlling for the firm's business environment and for firm characteristics such as size and industry. This paper builds on previous studies by considering a wider range of factors that can affect trade credit demand holistically on a single sample. It appears that the use of trade credit is widespread, and that it is generally perceived as an important short term financing option, although the availability of trade credit is not a major influence on supplier choice. The level of a firm's trade credit demand is found to be significantly influenced by transaction costs, financing, operational issues, marketing activities by suppliers, the firm's investment in trade debtors and firm size.     

货币政策的信贷渠道:基于“金融加速器模型”的中国经济周期分析

本文在一个带有金融加速器的DSGE模型中讨论了我国宏观经济波动背后的信贷因素,并检验了金融加速器模型对我国宏观经济波动的解释能力。在此基础上,本文进而分析了货币政策通过信贷因素对我国宏观经济的影响。本文分析的结果表明,受信贷市场中不对称信息的影响,宏观经济变量都表现出较大的波动性,模型模拟出的产出、实际利率和投资等主要变量的相对标准差都与实际经济数据相似;同时,脉冲响应分析的结论显示,相对产出等其他变量,货币政策对于价格水平和通货膨胀有着更好的控制力。从这个意义上说,本文的研究也为我国货币政策的目标明确了方向。