世贸争端解决规则第21.5条的缺陷及改革

世界贸易组织"关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解协议"(简称DSU),是整个WTO司法程序最主要的法律依据,为解决国际贸易争端发挥了不可替代的作用。其第21.5条规定的对败诉成员裁决履行情况的复审规则,更是富有创新性的法律制度。然而实践表明,21.5条的规定不够成熟,存在好几处用语含义模糊不清与可操作性差的缺陷,影响到该条款作用的发挥。因此,需要进一步探讨未来如何通过修改立法对21.5条条文内容进行改革完善。     

中国视角:收入来源国与跨国公司的税收博弈

跨国公司经济实力强大、现代企业制度完备、经营结构合理、享有垄断与内部化优势.跨国公司全球范围内追求集团利益最大化,内部管理的高效率、信息沟通的高科技,以及对税收筹划的高度重视,都对收入来源国提出了严峻挑战.跨国公司在中国发展迅速,也存在大量的避税问题.中国已经开展了20年的反避税工作,但在制度建设以及针对跨国公司避税特点采取强力度措施方面进展不够.新的两税合一的<企业所得税法>及其<实施条例>,以及预约定价制度是重大进步,但要很好地贯彻执行还需做出多方面的努力.     

Debt and corporate governance in emerging economiesEvidence from India1

We analyze the role of debt in corporate governance with respect to a large emerging economy, India, where debt has been an important source of external finance. Using cross‐sectional data on listed manufacturing firms we estimate, simultaneously, the relation between Tobin's Q and leverage for three years, 1996, 2000 and 2003. Our analysis indicates that while in the early years of institutional change, debt did not have any disciplinary effect on either standalone or group affiliated firms, the disciplinary effect appeared in the later years as institutions became more market oriented. We also find limited evidence of debt being used as an expropriation mechanism in group firms that are more vulnerable to such expropriation. In general, our results highlight the role of ownership structures and institutions in debt governance.     

AGREEMENT ON A TWO–POINT SCALE

Consider m observers each classifying n objects into one of two disjoint categories. The problem of measuring agreement among m observers is discussed. A new approach, based on a specific parametric model, is recommended. The approach is applied to data on agreement in judging biopsy slides.     

An assessment and ranking of barriers to doing environmental business with China

The transfer of environmental goods and services to China will increasingly be of importance to developed nations as the demand for environmental management services increases in China. A review of the literature on technology transfer to China revealed a range of well recognized and commonly known constraints to transferring technologies to China. There were gaps in the literature in relation to the concerns that environmental professionals have regarding technology transfer to China, as there is limited information on the transfer in environmental goods and services to China. A survey of the non‐trade barriers and their practical impact on the transfer of environmental technologies and goods and services to China, focusing on Australian suppliers, was undertaken to address these gaps. The survey, which was developed from barriers to technology transfer already described in the extensive research addressing the wider issues of technology transfer to China, targeted environmental professionals but also included other professionals with interests in transferring environmental goods and services to China. From the survey, the highest priority barriers to transferring environmental goods and service to China were identified, and those that are most likely to limit Australian vendors of environmental goods and services in their technology transfers to China were protection of intellectual property (IP), limitations of the rule of law, fragmentation and bureaucracy of the Chinese government and establishing appropriate level of ownership (of environmental goods and services providers in China). Examples of Australian experience were also examined, which confirmed these barriers to providing the needed technology and innovation to manage China's increasing environmental impacts. The research also shows that the barriers identified do not appear to be unique to transfer of environmental goods and services but rather generic to the transfer and adoption of Australian technology into China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

基于身份保护的高效3GPPAKA协议

针对3GPP AKA协议中存在的安全缺陷,在消息中加入访问网络的身份信息,利用秘密令牌机制,提出了一种可以防止重定向攻击、SQN同步缺陷和用户身份信息泄露的改进方案,并对其安全性和效率进行了分析。分析表明,本方案可以有效解决上述问题,以较少的资源开销就能获取协议效率和安全性能的提高。     

政府补助、产权性质与债务融资效应实证检验

笔者以2008年~2011年沪深两市上市公司数据为样本,研究政府补助的债务融资效应,结果发现政府补助作为一种积极信号能显著增加企业的银行信贷资金规模,而且这种效应在民营企业比在国有企业更为显著。政府补助同时也能显著降低企业的信贷融资成本,国有产权性质能强化这一功能,从而导致政府补助降低融资成本的作用在国有控股企业比在民营企业更为突出。     

房贷政策、融资结构与财务绩效--基于129家房地产上市公司的证据

目前我国房地产上市公司资产负债率的均值介于[64%~67%]之间,如此高的资产负债率对公司财务绩效有很大的影响。从债务融资结构角度出发,结合当前我国房地产上市公司的实际,实证分析的结果为：我国房地产上市公司最优的短期借款率介于[17.8%~24.9%]之间,长期借款率与财务绩效并不存在显著的线性、二次、三次方关系,最优的房屋预售款率应介于[30.7%~41.9%]之间,商业信用率应控制在[0~42.8%]之间,同时,财务绩效与企业债券率呈正相关。因此,优化房地产上市公司债务融资结构应该合理协调债务融资结构中各个指标的比率,充分利用房贷政策及时调整融资手段、积极发行中期票据,适当运用税务筹划手段,建立适应政府宏观调控和市场变化的内部融资机制。     

Unlikely Pivotal States in Competitive Free Trade Agreement Diffusion: The Effect of Japan's Trans-Pacific Partnership Participation on Asia-Pacific Regional Integration

How can a state with dysfunctional trade politics spur the negotiation of major free trade agreements (FTAs)? Using the case of Japan's participation in the trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), we develop an analytical framework on FTA diffusion that takes into account multidimensional (economic, legal and political) competitive pressures, and the ability of states to act as pivots in triggering FTA cascades. We disaggregate the makeup of a pivotal state into two main components – capability and credibility – and underscore Japan's significant latent capabilities, but also its serious credibility shortcomings. The TPP's boost to Japan's credibility raised the possibility of significant economic, legal and political externalities for specific countries which responded by accelerating FTA initiatives that had long stalled: the trilateral China–Japan–Korea FTA, a 16-state East Asian FTA and the Japan–European Union trade negotiations. This study extends the theoretical frontier in policy diffusion studies by clarifying the combination of factors that allows some states, but not others, to activate the externalities behind the dissemination of defensive FTAs.     

高校修缮工程结算审计问题及对策分析

进入21世纪,随着高校撤并、扩招规模的加大,我国高等教育快速发展,各高校办学规模急剧扩大,在新建项目不断增多同时,修缮工程项目也大幅度增加,随之带来的工程结算审计问题也日渐突出。从主客观两个方面对高校修缮工程结算审计中的突出问题进行剖析,就如何把关做好结算审计,最大限度发挥维修资金的经济和社会效益提出针对性的建议与对策。