Literature Review of Relationship between China＇s Money Supply and Price

本文从当前我国央行采取稳健性货币政策来抑制通货膨胀,效果却似乎不明显的背景出发,引出梳理我国对货币供应量与物价关系的研究的必要。本文从文献的来源及概述、货币供应量与物价指标的选择、我国货币供应量与物价常规关系研究、我国货币供应量与物价非常规关系研究、对＂中国之谜＂的研究、对＂中国之谜＂的解释、对外汇储备—货币供应量—物价的研究等几个方面进行了梳理。最后简要地评价了这些文献,并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

土地管制、市场价格与政策选择

本文从宏观和微观两个层面考察土地管制政策对市场价格的影响,利用35个大中城市的宏观数据,检验土地供给是否对住房价格产生影响,以及其影响程度与时间路径;利用杭州286宗住宅用地微观数据,量化微观管制政策对土地价格的影响方向与程度。我们发现土地供给对住房供给在长期内(1～2年)有显著影响,短期内(1年以内)没有影响;而土地供给对住房价格在长期与短期内都有影响,如通过改变预期影响当年住房价格,通过控制住房供给影响滞后1年的住房价格等。土地出让约束条款能够显著影响土地的出让价格,容积率每增加1%,会引起土地价格上升0.777%,出让地块面积增加1%会导致单位出让价格下降0.108%。进而,从宏观和微观两个层面提出政策建议,促进住房市场与价格保持稳定。     

Vertical externalities in tax setting: evidence from gasoline and cigarettes

A common feature of federal systems is that tax bases are joint property. Consequently, state and federal tax setting decisions are interdependent. Our aim here is to put forward a rudimentary theoretical analysis of this phenomenon, and to use the theory as a framework for econometrically estimating the magnitude of the responses. We find that when the federal government increases taxes, there is a significant positive response of state taxes. For example, a 10-cent per gallon increase in the federal tax rate on gasoline leads to a 3.2-cent increase in the state tax rate.     

Gasoline prices,transport costs,and the U.S. business cycles

The effects of gasoline prices on the U.S. business cycles are investigated. In order to distinguish between gasoline supply and gasoline demand shocks, the price of gasoline is endogenously determined through a transportation sector that uses gasoline as an input of production. The model is estimated for the U.S. economy using five macroeconomic time series, including data on transport costs and gasoline prices. The results show that although standard shocks in the literature (e.g., technology shocks, monetary policy shocks) have significant effects on the U.S. business cycles in the long run, gasoline supply and demand shocks play an important role in the short run.     

The energy implications of city size and density

This paper develops a new open-city urban simulation model capable of showing the urban form and energy consumption effects of variation in city size. The model is able to consider city size differences caused by wage and amenity differentials, both with and without housing and land use regulation. The surprising conclusion is that per-capita energy use is relatively invariant to city size when growth is driven by wages but falls modestly with growth induced by rising amenity. Common land use policies, specifically density limits and greenbelts, can positively or negatively affect both city welfare and energy use.     

The effect of gasoline prices on ridesharing

Mitigating the effects of traffic congestion has typically been approached from either an engineering perspective or an economic perspective. One mechanism with the potential to alleviate traffic congestion which requires further empirical research is ridesharing. Using national microdata on ridesharing from different regions of the United States and a novel multilevel methodology, the study explores how these two different approaches might best be balanced to promote ridesharing in the future. Results suggest that macroeconomic conditions in the form of historically high gasoline prices are conducive to ridesharing, but that most of the variation in ridesharing nationwide is attributable to differences in the economic, demographic, and social characteristics of commuters. Results also suggest that working women will be unduly disadvantaged by employer-based policies to promote ridesharing given the greater propensity to drive alone among (family and nonfamily) female householders. Further empirical research is necessary to more fully explore the intended and unintended consequences of other economically-oriented policy tools to promote ridesharing relative to other mode choices.     

操纵证券交易价格行为刑法对策——兼论前置法律责任的构建

操纵证券交易价格是资本市场上的正常现象,只须将其限制在市场可以接受的限度之内即可。为抑制操纵证券交易价格行为的频繁发生,并须彰显及时性、确定性与严厉性刑法的干预是必要的。但是,囿于刑法的补充性,前置法律责任显得非常重要,如信托责任的确立,民事责任的完善,行政责任的强化等。     

Asymmetric Price Adjustment in the US Gasoline Industry: Evidence from Bayesian Threshold Dynamic Panel Data Models

This paper investigates the gasoline price adjustment to changes in the input cost price for a panel of 48 US states using a monthly data set covering the period 1994–2011. We build, for the first time, a non-linear threshold panel vector-error-correction model (PVECM) and propose efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Bayesian techniques. Our findings indicate that states with high margin experience a slower adjustment and a more asymmetric response to input price cost shocks. Our results are robust to potential structural breaks in the threshold parameter, which is important as market conditions change over time and are very sensitive to production/consumption constraints. Lastly, we attribute fluctuations in the gasoline prices to input cost shocks, arguing that the peak responses occurring one month after the shock are short-lived.     

Impacts of terrain attributes on economics and the environment: costs of reducing potential nitrogen pollution in wheat production

The economic cost of achieving desired environmental outcomes from uniform and variable rate fertilizer application technologies depends both on market forces and agronomic properties. Using spatial econometric methods, we analyze the impact of nitrogen fertilizer supply by terrain attribute on the yield and protein content of hard red spring wheat grown in Eastern Washington as well as the impact on residual nitrogen. We find significant association with all three. The economic impact of nitrogen restrictions depends critically on both prices and level of the restriction. Uniform application of nitrogen was found to economically outperform variable rate application, but variable rate application provided positive environmental benefits due to less residual nitrogen.     

Is the Euro-Area core price index really more persistent than the food and energy price indexes?

The purpose of this paper is to measure the degree of persistence of the overall, core, food and energy Harmonized Indexes of Consumer Prices for the European Monetary Zone (HICP-EAs) and to identify its implications for decision-making in the private sector and in public policy.Using a non-parametric approach, our results demonstrate the presence of a statistically significant level of persistence in four HICP-EAs: headline, core, food and energy. Moreover, contrary to popular belief, the core index does not reflect permanent price changes. We also find evidence that the food and energy price indexes are more volatile and more persistent than the other two price indexes. Our results also show a reduction in persistence for both the headline and the core price indexes after the implementation of the single monetary policy, but not for food and energy.These results have important implications for both the private sector and for policymakers who use the core price index as a reference in their decision-making. In particular, core price index can lead to erroneous perception of price movements.