从系统论方法看证券市场信息披露与监管

上市公司会计信息质量问题一直是人们关注的焦点，本文从系统论角度出发，认为上市公司信息的生成和披露是一个复杂的系统过程。这一过程中，诸多相互影响和制约的因素决定上市公司会计信息质量特征。完善上市公司会计信息质量，必须从改善输入要素质量，提高反馈回路效率，优化系统功能等方面入手。     

Personal loan users’ mental integration of payment and consumption

Buying a good on a loan entails numerous consumption and payment episodes. Loan users can either mentally integrate or separate these episodes. In order to identify the actual mental structures, we conducted 29 semi-structured interviews with current and prospective loan users. A content analysis revealed that a majority of loan users established a hedonically efficient one-way connection from the loan to the good; i.e., the good was perceived as unrelated to the loan, whereas, concurrently, payments were buffered by thoughts of the good. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that mental structures are less stable than sometimes assumed.     

浅析会计利润和经济利润

经济利润是绝大多数经济学家所持有的利润观点。虽然经济学家的“利润”也是收入减去成本后的差额，但是经济学家对利润有严格的定义。对执行中国会计准则的会计师而言：利润=总收入-总成本，然而对经济学家而言，这一结果高估了利润。本文提出会计利润和经济利润的问题，通过解释会计利润和经济利润的区别和联系，寻求分析它们的方法，探讨解决会计利润和经济利润问题的思路。     

论社会资本与市场经济秩序的规范

社会资本是指存在于人们中间、能促使人们参加集体活动的、人们共同遵守的规范、人们组成的关系网络以及社会制度。作为一种新近发现的资本形式,社会资本通过增进信任、加强合作、降低交易成本等作用方式,提高政府效率,弥补市场失灵,有效规范转型时期我国的市场经济秩序,促进市场经济健康有序发展。     

所得税会计准则:理论与实务角度的思考

所得税会计准则是会计准则中的难点,其原因在于,所得税会计方法的设计原理涉及财务会计与税务会计的差异及其处理原则。从财务会计与所得税会计理论基础的分歧,推演资产负债表债务法的会计处理原理,有助于深入理解、正确执行《企业会计准则第18号——所得税》,并正确处理其与所得税会计的关系。     

Comparing U.S. and Japanese corporate-level operating performance using financial statement data

This study uses financial statement data restated to a similar reporting basis to compare the operating performance of U.S. and Japanese companies, identifying possible strategic and environmental explanations for the differences observed. Comparisons are made for U.S. and Japanese samples as a whole, for groups of Japanese firms (keiretsu v. nonkeiretsu), and for 11 industries. The results show that neither country appears to generate systematically higher profit margins, but that U.S. firms turnover assets other than inventory more quickly and therefore have higher rates of return on assets. More intensive examination of these results suggests that environmental factors, such as cultural or structural differences, are the primary causes of the observed differences in the data analyzed.     

Biodiversity,natural resource accounting and ecological monitoring

The role that natural resource accounting and ecological monitoring can play in conserving biological diversity is discussed. There exists a widespread view that modifications to national income accounting procedures are crucial to the pursuit of sustainability and particularly the protection of biodiversity. However, we argue that the availability of biologically-adjusted national income figures would not, of itself, be likely to contribute significantly to the protection of biological resources. The conservation of biodiversity requires, among other things, a significantly improved understanding of the nature of environmental changes arising from imposed management regimes and the effects that these changes have on the persistence of biodiversity. On this basis, and in the context of sustainable development, we suggest that ecological monitoring should take priority over the generation of economic data.In many regions of the world sufficient ecological knowledge is available to design and implement integrated monitoring networks that can be used to track the status of many components of biodiversity and inform decisions taken over their management. We outline how this might be undertaken using a hierarchical and prioritised approach aimed, pragmatically, in the first instance at helping to preserve those ecosystems, communities and species which are perceived to be most threatened. Some emphasis is given to the Australian situation because it is the only rich megadiversity nation and it is at the forefront of the development of scientific techniques that can be used to help design soundly-based and cost-effective monitoring programs.We acknowledge the useful comments of two referees, and claim exclusive property rights in remaining errors.     

The emergence of the 'accountant' in the institutions of Ancient Egypt

This paper examines the emergence of, and the roles played by accountants in some of the institutions of ancient Egypt. The paper documents evidence relating to the importance of the scribal occupation compared to other occupations available to the young Egyptians, and traces the emergence and functioning of scribal schools in which the pupils learned how to read and write and how to master numerical skills. Thereafter, the paper provides some illustrative examples of the diverse activities of the scribes in accounting for both the public (state) and private economic domains. The paper argues that right from the dawn of the dynastic era in Egypt (3000 B.C.) by dint of placing themselves at the centre of economic relations, the scribes (accountants) were among the most esteemed in society and the scribal occupation was one of the most prestigious occupations. The paper also argues that accounting then, just as it remains today, held a central position in the economic, social and political settings throughout the long and illustrious history of ancient Egypt.     

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING IN SPAIN

This paper provides an analysis of the present situation concerning local government accounting in Spain following recent reforms introduced in the early nineties. It presents a picture of the main features of Spanish local finance—budgeting and accounting, the measurement focus, and the basis of accounting—and analyses the financial reporting system adopted by Spanish municipalities. This is followed by a critical review of several weak points in the reform which in the author's view will encourage further developments.