China’s international trade development and opening-up policy design over the past four decades

ABSTRACT

China’s opening-up in the past four decades has gone through three waves: the extensive margin of opening-up (1978–2001), the intensive margin of opening-up (2001–2017), and all-around opening-up (since 2017). This paper explores these three stages of the country’s economic reform. China’s gains from trade have been inspired by different economic factors. Before the turn of the century, the large trade volume was due to the realization of comparative advantage based on the country’s factor endowment. However, after its accession to the World Trade Organization, China’s gains from trade have been due, in large part, to the realization of economic scale effects associated with the larger market.     

The institutional determinants of private equity involvement in business groups—The case of Africa

This study examines the governance attributes of post-IPO (initial public offering) retained ownership of private equity in business group constituent firms in contrast to their unaffiliated counterparts, in 202 newly listed firms in 22 emerging African economies. We adopt an actor centered institutional-theoretic perspective in rationalizing institutional voids and the advantages of maintained governance by both business angels (BA) and venture capital (VC) private equity. Our findings reveal private equity retain higher post-IPO ownership in business group constituents compared to unaffiliated firms and that this is inversely moderated in the context of improving institutional quality – where this is particularly strong in case of foreign VC as opposed to domestic VC or BA. Our result adds to the literature on multifocal corporate governance mechanisms and the institutional determinants of private equity investment.     

企业借壳上市和IPO模式的比较

融资是企业进入证券市场的最主要动机。目前我国企业上市主要是通过IPO的形式来实现的,但是IPO的高门槛使得许多企业望而却步。借壳上市的出现,使得非上市公司可以通过一定途径获得对上市公司的控股权,再将优质资产注入上市公司的方式达到间接上市的目的。在选择上市途径时,IPO还是借壳上市,本文对两种模式做了比较。     

风险投资对风险企业IPO功效研究——以我国深市中小板为例

风险投资是专业化投资过程,IPO是参与各方首选退出方式。我国风险投资起步晚、发展缓慢,基于发达国家资本市场得出的有关风险投资的结论未必适用于我国。本文使用深交所中小板相关数据检验风险投资在我国风险企业IPO过程中的具体作用,并对检验结果进行分析。通过对风险投资与风险企业IPO关系研究,为我国风险投资的发展提出合理化建议。     

风险投资IPO退出方式的抑价分析

在"热发行"时期会伴随相对较多的资金寻找投资机会,而IPO是风险投资机构退出所投资公司并寻找其他投资机会的有效工具.通过风险投资机构定价决策模型建立首次公开发行价格、出售比例、公司价值、新项目受益这四者之间的函数关系,可以说明,风险投资机构退出原来企业的主要原因是在"热发行"时期市场上高利润的新项目较多,收益相对较大,使得这一时期的风险投资机构急于以低于公司价值的价格出售大部分股票以筹措更多资金投资新的项目,获得利益的最大化.     

正向反馈申购者、市盈率管制与新股发行定价

传统的新股发行定价偏低观点受到了一些定价偏高实证现象的质疑,且难以解释我国长期实行的发行市盈率管制政策。本文在原有信息不对称理论的基础上,从正向反馈的非理性角度研究发行定价,进而分析市盈率管制政策的作用,并实证检验。研究认为,新股发行市场中存在着大量的正向反馈申购者,他们受近期新股上市表现激发而参与申购,这种噪声需求的存在使得新股即使被高估也仍然能够成功发行。发行人和承销商意识到这种噪声需求的存在,为了使其利润最大化,他们会抬高发行定价,而机构投资者在近期新股上市表现较好的情况下也易于高估新股,因此也能接受较高的询价价格。实证结果验证了正向反馈申购者对发行定价的这一正向影响,并且发现市盈率管制政策能够对此起到一定的抑制作用。     

中国创业板IPO首日超额收益研究

本文以58家创业板IPO公司为样本,采用类比估价模型来估计新股的内在价值。实证研究结果表明,我国创业板IPO首日超额收益源于二级市场溢价,一级市场抑价不显著;上市首日换手率、上市首日涨跌幅以及市场指数收益率显著影响我国创业板IPO首日超额收益。在此基础上,本文结合海外创业板市场经验以及我国创业板市场表现,给出了相关政策建议,对创业板市场参与者提供了可参考的投资策略。     

Innovation and growth through local and global interaction

This paper investigates the research and development activity of heterogeneous and rationally bounded firms. The latter conduct this activity through in-house research and by collecting information originating in other firms’ spillovers. Thus, research and development activity owes both to independent searching and to interaction diffusing information. We study the conditions under which this idiosyncratic effort yields effects that have either local, system-wise negligible impacts or cumulate to generate significant aggregate ones. In the latter case, global effects feed back upon the incentive to innovate and therefore on the strength of local interaction as well as on autonomous research efforts. It is these dynamic forces that we model. We compare cases in which significant aggregate effects do emerge with cases in which they do not and study their outcome on innovation-directed investment and on long-term growth.     

Merger Waves and Firm Growth: Contemporary Historical Evidence

This article presents the outcomes of an evaluation of the impact of the series of mergers of the local exchange companies that have taken place between 1988 and 2001 on an important measure of performance of the firms undergoing the mergers. The analysis reveals that after firms have undertaken one merger they experience little or no growth after such mergers, but the impact of second mergers on firm growth have been negative. If an important motive in undertaking mergers has been to enhance firm growth, then the merger waves that have been approved and consummated have led to performance declines. The impacts of the merger wave on the growth of the telecommunications sector firms have been negative.     

COMPETITION AND CASCADES IN MARKETS: AN AGENT‐BASED MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS MERGERS

We present an agent‐based model of endogenous merger formation in a market with turnover of market participants. We describe the dynamics of the model and identify the conditions under which market competition is sufficiently disrupted to prompt extended periods during which mergers are desirable. We also demonstrate how merger waves can be triggered by industry shocks and firm overconfidence. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.