The economic impacts of river rehabilitation: A regional Input-Output analysis

We developed a model to predict the impacts of river rehabilitation activities on the local economy. The model is based on the Input-Output analysis technique and was applied to the planned rehabilitation project for the River Thur in northern Switzerland, along the 4 km stretch between the communities of Bürglen and Weinfelden. We estimated changes in local employment and local economic output resulting from government spending on rehabilitation, associated changes in adjacent land use, and increased recreational activity. Accounting for land use changes required a modification of the conventional Input-Output analysis technique which should be of general interest. We accounted for uncertainty in the data and in some of the model assumptions by using a probabilistic formulation and propagating uncertainty through the model equations. As time-consuming local surveys were beyond the scope of this study, we used the Location Quotient non-survey technique to construct the local technical coefficients from national data and local employment data. This implies that the model can be applied quite easily to a different study area in Switzerland as long as local employment data are available. For each CHF 1 million expenditure per year on rehabilitation activities in our study region, we estimate an extra 8 fulltime employment equivalents (standard deviation, σ = 0.4 fte) and an increased output of CHF 1.4 million (σ = CHF 0.05 million). The low uncertainty of these estimates can be partly attributed to the structure of Input-Output analysis and partly to the fact that we estimated changes in the economic output, rather than output itself. In addition to the above impacts, we estimate that increased recreational use of the area will increase output by as much as CHF 0.17 million (σ = CHF 0.12 million) and employment by as much as 1.7 fulltime employment equivalents (σ = 1.3 fte), depending on the specific rehabilitation option selected.     

The Internet and Its Relationship to Buyer Behavior Theory

ABSTRACT

The Internet is the newest, most-rapidly changing and fastest-growing buying medium existing today. Its markets are increasing in number and complexity, more nearly reflecting the population in general. A valuable academic model for Internet marketers to consider when developing a business plan is an early buyer behavior model developed by Phillip Kotler, his Input-Output Model. Internet marketers should investigate outside influences on the potential buyer (Kotler's Inputs), means of reaching the prospect effectively (channels), the buyer's frame of mind (processor), and the choices available (outputs). Current “e-tail” examples are given for each of the four components in Kotler's model. Consulting companies that can assist marketers in attracting buyers have found the following techniques helpful: developing or fine tuning Internet sites, developing site-partnering strategies and online focus groups, as well as providing programs that watch prospects as they peruse a site.     

中国生产者服务业的增长、结构变化及其影响——基于投入-产出法的分析

本文采用投入-产出方法,在生产者服务的本来意义上,而不是从具体的带有生产者服务特性的服务部门出发,对中国生产者服务业的增长、结构变化及其影响进行经验研究,由此得出一些基本结论:1981年以来,中国生产者服务业在国民经济中的地位逐步上升,服务业的生产者服务功能逐渐显现,但与英、美等国相比,中国生产者服务占国民总产出比重偏低;中国服务业及其有关分部门与国民经济其他产业或部门的前后向联系效应相对较弱,说明中国服务业的增长不仅不能对国民经济产生应有的带动作用,而且其本身受其他部门的需求拉动作用也不大.     

基于能源消耗的我国国际贸易实证研究

本文通过应用设计的投入产出模型考察了1997年我国国际贸易36个部门商品的能耗密集度,计算和比较了各类商品的进出口能源消耗量,从能源消耗角度考察了我国的进出口贸易。结果表明,1997年我国出口总的能耗量为37068.53万吨标准煤,进口能耗量为39036.25万吨标准煤,比出口多1967.72万吨标准煤。贸易商品中流入和流出的能耗分别占全国同期总能耗的28.25%和26.83%。从能源消耗角度看,1997年我国是一个净进口国,且进口单位产值的商品中包含的能耗量比出口单位产值商品中包含的能耗量多27%左右。这些研究结果对于我国的可持续发展和环境与贸易问题的改善有重要的参考意义。     

一种能源消耗强度影响因素分解的新方法

研究能源消费各影响因素对能源消费的影响程度是降低能耗节约能源的基础。能源消耗强度影响因素分解是测度能源消耗强度影响程度的一类方法,对这类方法的研究和应用有极其重要的现实意义。本文提出了一种能源消耗强度影响因素分解的新方法,该方法分别利用对数平均迪氏指数法和投入产出法的优势,在完全分解交互项的同时,充分考虑部门之间的消耗及产品结构变化等特点。通过将此方法用于中国能源强度影响因素分解的结果证明,该方法是一种行之有效的分解方法。     

New Nonlinear Approaches for the Adjustment and Updating of a SAM

Many structural relationships should be taken into account in any reasonable adjustment and updating process. These structural relationships are mainly represented by ratios of different types, such as technical coefficients or the proportion of the cell value in relation to its row or column total. We believe that in many cases (either because of lack of information or when the time elapsed for the estimation of a social accounting matrix is not long enough to allow for any significant structural change) the updating process should try to minimize the rela- tive deviation of the new coefficients from the initial ones in a homogeneous way. This homogeneity would mean that the magnitude of this relative deviation is similar among the elements of each row or column, therefore avoiding the concentration of the changes in particular cells of the SAM. In this work, we propose some new adjustment criteria in order to obtain a more homogeneous relative adjustment of the structural coefficients. These criteria combine the adjustment method proposed by Matuszewski et al. (1964) with other deviation functions. Each of the adjustment criteria proposed leads to a nonlinear optimization problem which is reformulated as a linear program. We test the usefulness of this proposal by comparing its results with the ones obtained by more standard approaches and we are able to show that these approaches tend to produce a less homogeneous pattern of coefficient adjustment, under certain circumstances, than the ones we put forward.     

海峡两岸货币清算与金融监管合作机制研究

尽管存在一些货币清算方面的障碍，但建立两岸货币清算合作机制利于两岸经贸往来扩大化、利于两岸人员交流往来、利于维护两岸金融秩序与安全。应在防范相关风险的情况下，构建两岸人民币清算模式和现钞调运流程。同时，应当展开两岸金融监管合作，确立金融监管合作的阶段与未来目标。     

产业特性、区域异质性与我国国内价值链分工

基于区域间投入产出表和上游度模型,构建国内价值链分工地位、嵌入位置和增值能力指数,系统刻画1997-2007年我国国内价值链分工形态,应用面板数据模型对国内价值链的产业和区域异质性进行实证研究。结果发现,我国总体尚未形成严格的东中西梯次分布的价值链空间格局,产业属性决定国内价值链嵌入位置和分工地位,产业国有比重越高越有助于价值链分工地位提升,产业资本劳动比提升嵌入位置却恶化分工地位,产业规模对分工地位没有显著影响;区域FDI导致价值链低端锁定和增值能力弱化,区域创新投入强化产业直接价值增值、市场化水平的提高显著提升价值链嵌入位置,但二者与价值链分工地位的关系均不显著。优化市场环境、降低制度成本、选择差异化的区域产业升级路径是构建国内价值链的关键。     

Impact of political dispute on international trade based on an international trade Inoperability Input-Output Model: A case study of the 2012 Diaoyu Islands Dispute

While political disputes occur frequently and widely among many countries, their impact on the international trade is unclear and less systematically investigated. Considering the 2012 Diaoyu Islands Dispute, under several premised assumptions, this paper applies the international trade Inoperability Input-Output Model to determine the indirect economic loss and to screen out Chinese industries that are sensitive to the dispute. Results based on Leontief's technical coefficients matrix show that the total indirect economic loss of China's gross trade is between RMB 540.4226 billion and RMB 1023.3068 billion. Industries that are sensitive to the dispute include electrical equipment and machinery, general special equipment manufacturing, metal smelting and rolling processing, manufacture and processing of metals and metal products, and chemical. The empirical findings suggest that China establish an early-warning mechanism and trade assistance system, so that key industries that were damaged could be properly compensated.     

农产品价格上涨不会引起CPI上涨——基于投入产出价格模型

笔者以2007年投入产出表为基础,分析了农业与各部门的产业关联程度,测算了农、林、牧、渔业对CPI及各部门价格的波及效应。研究结果表明,农产品价格上涨不是造成CPI高涨的主要因素,而能源型和资源型生产部门价格上涨是影响CPI上涨的主要因素,也是推动农产品价格上涨的主要因素。