Business and government in electricity network integration in Western Europe,c.1900–1950

A cross-country comparison is made of the moves to system integration, at the national level, of electricity supply in several Western European countries. Private electricity business firms were dominant in France, Italy and Spain and large generating enterprises and transporting groups grew through mergers and agreements. In Germany, Scandinavia and the UK, municipalities were more common and were resistant to mergers and network development. Several national networks had emerged by the 1940s but hardly any were nationally managed in the sense of ensuring electricity was everywhere supplied from the lowest cost source. The article considers the economic gains from integration and argues that it developed successfully where central governments became actively involved.     

Piloting a systematic framework for public investment in regional natural resource management: Dryland salinity in Australia

The Salinity Investment Framework (SIF3) is designed to help environmental managers make better policy decisions about protecting key assets under threat of dryland salinity, a major degradation problem in Australia. This study reports results from applying SIF3 in partnership with two regional organizations (in the states of Victoria and Western Australia) with contrasting institutional powers and structures. We also engaged relevant policy makers with a view to influencing national policy. Available knowledge, science, and data were used to develop region-specific recommendations for public investment in salinity management. SIF3 proved easy to apply, requiring minimal changes from its original version. Establishing trust and credibility with stakeholders was extremely important. More time was required to be spent on communicating what SIF3 was and what it would mean for stakeholders than in applying it in the catchments. In both regions, recommendations included making a clear distinction between localized assets (such as a particular wetland) and dispersed assets (such as agricultural land as a whole); more targeted investment in spatially identified localized assets; using a broader range of policy tools; basing recommendations on the levels of public and private net benefits; anticipating the adoptability of sustainable land-management practices; and formally integrating relevant scientific, economic and social information with community values. The differences between current action and recommendations were significant in both regions, particularly in Victoria. As a result of our work both regions have decided to implementing a similar asset-based approach covering various environmental threats in addition to dryland salinity. The research indicates that it is feasible to use decision frameworks such as SIF3 to improve the rigour of decision making by community-based environmental management organizations. A broader range of policy tools are needed for dryland salinity, with less reliance on extension and small grants, and more emphasis on intervention around key assets and investment in technology development. We have influenced policy makers to some extent at state level and nationally through discussion of SIF3 in a national inquiry, preparation of a policy paper for peak multi-government policy committees, briefings and provision of advice on policy design. Despite this, achieving significant policy change at the state and national levels remains difficult for a number of reasons. Governments give limited signals to environmental managers to achieve environmental outcomes, being more concerned with community participation objectives and political considerations. We hope for significant policy change with increased scrutiny about sound decision making and public accountability.     

The Integrative Effect of Electronic Data Processing

Electronic data processing systems have been constructed based on the results of cybernetics and communication theory. They interpret the combination of several constructs as integrated systems that form integrated systems of a higher degree. This corresponds to the way modern economics looks at corporate functions, enterprises, the economy... This fundamental tendency is reflected by the idea that the most important factor in electronic data processing systems is not the speed of operation but the integrative effect. Therefore it is necessary to arrange workflows in a closed control system, under consideration of the most rational path. Thus IDP advances the aims of business organization to a higher level and at the same time provides means for reaching these aims. Reprint of an article from elektronische datenverarbeitung 1(1)1959:14–19. The original summary has been revised by the editorial staff. This article is also available in German in print and via http://www.wirtschaftsinformatik.de: Kettner KH (2008) Der Integrationseffekt elektronischer Datenverarbeitung. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK. doi: .     

落后区域自我发展能力提升研究——从承接产业转移、优势产业培植的视角

承接产业转移的过程中，产业链整合是对区域经济系统的一个他组织过程，而优势产业培植是区域经济系统的自组织过程。基于此，文章提出了落后区域自我发展能力提升的理论模型：外力转化为内力，增量盘活存量。最后，就目前中国落后区域承接产业转移政策出现的偏差，应用该理论模型提出了相应的政策转型的思路和目标。     

Distribution of Integrated Business Applications

New corporate developments, such as globalization, diversification and process orientation, are posing a challenge to the degree of integration of business application software. International standard software designed to meet the requirements of all types of business is acquiring greater strategic significance. The increased need for flexibility, localization, and scalable growth makes it necessary for highly integrated businesses applications to be distributable. Possible scenarios reflect managerial and organizational requirements. Additional mechanisms must be incorporated and business processes adapted to compensate for the increased autonomy of sub-applications. Reprint of an article from WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK 35(5)1993:455–464. This article is also available in German in print and via http://www.wirtschaftsinformatik.de: Kagermann H (2008) Verteilung integrierter Anwendungen. WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK. doi: 10.1007/s11576-008-0134-x.     

中国涉农供应链管理研究:现状与问题分析

近十二年间,在实践推动及学科交叉互动的背景下,我国涉农供应链(ARSC)研究发展很快,并呈现出一些鲜明的特征。从功能和职能视角看,质量安全、可追溯、冷链、利益与关系管理等方面成为研究的热点。但总体上,这一领域存在着定位模糊、功能性研究薄弱、理论体系散乱、个案挖掘与实证分析不足、连续研究乏力和成果泛化等突出问题。此外,与国外研究相比,一些难点、重点现实问题及其他前沿问题的研究亟需展开。为此,本文对中国涉农供应链管理研究的现状和存在的问题进行了分析。     

跨国次区域经济合作区与自由贸易区的分析——以GMS和CAFTA为例

作为区域经济一体化的一种新形式,跨国次区域经济合作区与传统的区域经济一体化组织有诸多不同。文章通过对跨国次区域经济合作区与典型传统的区域经济一体化组织—自由贸易区的分析比较,认为跨国次区域经济合作会在很大程度上促进相应的区域经济一体化合作的新发展。     

全球运输系统观照下第四方物流的发展分析

当代全球运输系统作为一个高度动态发展的过程,其组织、治理、地理位置等方面已经发生了显著变化。在分析第一方、第二方和第三方物流运输系统的环境下,提出第四方物流的发展特点。     

俄白哈经济一体化的内部分歧、挑战及其发展前景

俄白哈关税同盟已运行两年,成效显著,但同盟还只是俄白哈三国经济一体化进程的第一步,未来一体化进程推进还任重而道远。目前,俄白哈经济一体化在运行中出现了一些分歧,主要体现在进口税收分配、进口税率、一体化进程推进、能源贸易政策等方面,而且也面临诸多挑战,主要有内部产业转移、俄罗斯意志主导、WTO规则制约、白俄罗斯经济危机、哈萨克斯坦国内争议、俄乌两国天然气纠纷等。可见,今后政策协调难度会越来越大,短期内扩员前景不乐观,但长期合作前景良好。     

城乡统筹背景下土地流转与城市化的互动

协调城乡统筹发展已成为国家一项重大决策,城乡统筹要求以工促农、以城带乡,从而形成城乡良性互动的发展格局。实现城乡统筹发展目标需要协调土地流转与城市化过程之间的关系,使两者产生良好的互动机制。本文首先在分析传统的城乡二元结构基础上剖析了农村土地流转的一些热点问题,以及目前我国城市化进程中的缺陷。然后在城乡统筹背景下,提出土地流转和城市化的互动模式及互动途径。