区域土地整理对生态系统服务价值的影响——以徐州市贾汪区为例

以徐州市贾汪区为例,探讨了测算区域土地整理引起的生态系统服务价值(ESVO变化的方法,并通过敏感性指数(CS)分析了ESV对各地类转移面积(TA)变化的依赖程度.结果发现:(1)研究区土地整理增加耕地主要是通过填塘实现的;(2)ESV每年损失1334.18万元,若按农地使用30年计算,ESV总损失将达20985.61万元;(3)生态系统单项服务功能价值中的土壤形成与保护、食品生产等功能提高;水源涵养、废物处理和娱乐文化等功能降低;(4)敏感性分析显示,其他农用地、建设用地、未利用土地和其他土地转变为耕地时,ESV随转移面积TA的增加分别表现出同步减少、显著增加、略微增加、显著减少.因此,当大量坑塘等转变为耕地时能引起ESV较大幅度的减少,这正是研究区土地整理引起ESV损失的主要原因.     

胶州土地法规与城市发展

地政为城市发展第一要素,德占时期青岛创立的胶州土地法规与税制整合了西方土地理论与中国现实,成功预防和控‘制了城市发展中垄断与投机等潜在危机,不仅创造了青岛迅速崛起的奇迹,为中国近代城市发展积累了经验,树立了榜样,还在世界范围内产生了重大影响.胶州土地法规与税制较高的科学性、实用性和适应性演绎了地政与城市发展的密切关联,至今仍具可资借鏊的现实意义.     

发展完善我国公告地价体系研究——国外经验及启示

本文通过对国外公告地价体系构成和作用归纳总结,根据我国公告地价体系发展的实际情况,提出在我国应构建以基准地价和标定地价为双核心的公告地价体系,并就二者在公告地价体系中的作用定位及互动机制进行了探讨与设计.最后,论文提出了发展完善我国公告地价体系的相关建议,即出台相应的公告地价体系法律法规及技术规范,研究确定基准地价和标定地价的区别及其联系,推动我国科学、合理公告地价体系的建立.     

频繁调控与失效中的旧城土地制度反思

旧城更新中,政府对土地进行了频繁的调控,与此同时地价、房价持续飙升,呈现调控与失效相伴的局面.基于此,论文从城市土地产权制度的变迁历程、政府干预下的土地交易市场、城市土地产权制度及其制度变迁路径依赖与体制锁定等视角进行了反思,认为问题滋生的原因是多方面的,其中土地产权制度的变迁是滋生问题的历史根源,它模糊了权属关系,积聚了历史病疾,而计划与市场的交织演绎出了双轨配置制度下的土地交易困境.地方政府的绝对垄断扭曲了土地竞争市场,而其根源在于:城市土地产权制度本身的残缺,即旧城土地资源的法律产权和事实上的产权的不一致,导致了市场交易主体对交易客体的权责不统一,而政府调控所制定的一系列的"制度",因其制度本身的利益短视与部门本位,削弱了作为"制度束"的调控威力,加剧了调控"组合拳"的失效.因此,解决问题的关键在于城市土地制度的创新,即基于明晰旧城土地产权关系的前提下,政府退出非公共利益的土地交易市场,实现政府角色的转换──"划桨"与"掌舵"的分离,以此确保旧城更新中房地产的健康发展.     

城郊区大遗址保护用地流转的制度分析——以西安市汉长安城遗址区为例

受遗产资源保护的土地用途限制,城郊区大遗址以传统农业为主,经济发展水平落后,大遗址区内外的经济分化以遗址保护区区划界限为壑,形成了"都市里的村庄".在城市化进程中,处于城乡交错区的大遗址区内外企事业单位和居民住房等建设用地需求增长迅速,大遗址保护用地流转为非农用地的趋势明显.通过对汉长安城遗址区的土地制度、政府规制和组织管理体制的分析,剖析了城郊区大遗址区保护用地流转存在的制度因素,提出城市化进程中大遗址区治理的制度创新.     

Redefining property rights over collective land in the urban redevelopment of Shenzhen,China

Urban development in China is based on two types of land ownership, namely, state land owned by states and collective land owned by village collectives. Legally speaking, urban development must be based on state land. In practice, informal development based on collective land has played important roles in the rapid urbanization process over the past decades. Nonetheless, the vague property rights over collective land have led to inferior and suboptimal development outcomes in expansive urban areas. The redevelopment of collective land has become an important means to sustain urban development in an ongoing urbanization process. By adopting theoretical perspectives from New Institutional Economics, this study presents an integrated conceptual framework on the institutional arrangements of land property rights and transaction costs to understand the changes in land policies and their institutional implications for the redevelopment of collective land in Shenzhen, China. The findings reveal that the new policies have redefined the relationship among the government, village collectives, and real estate developers as well as their property rights over collective land. The change of institutional arrangements in land property rights has significantly reduced the transaction costs in the redevelopment process and effectively promoted land redevelopment activities.     

国有土地使用权转换方式与城市特性的关联性

以土地使用权转换和城市发展数据为基础,分析了我国城市特性和国有土地使用权转换结构的关联性,并提出了今后土地管理的方向性。运用主成分分析法,把255个地区级城市分成6大类,分析了各类的城市特征及其分布,还分析了各类城市国有土地使用权转换结构,并针对各类城市群,给出了今后土地管理的方向性。     

The Farmland Rental Paradox: Extreme land ownership fragmentation as a new form of land degradation

Extreme farmland ownership fragmentation is becoming a limiting factor for sustainable land management in some countries. Scattered, excessively small parcels cease to be viable for individual farming, and owners feel forced to rent these parcels to larger enterprises farming on adjacent land. Our study demonstrates a phenomenon that we call the Farmland Rental Paradox, where very small parcels tend to create large production blocks by being rented to larger farmers, and therefore to significantly homogenize the land-use pattern. The parcel size established as the threshold for this phenomenon is 1.07 ha. Below this threshold, the smaller the parcels were, the larger the blocks that they tended to create.Using the example of the Czech Republic, a state with extremely high farmland ownership fragmentation, it is demonstrated that this phenomenon can currently determine the land use of up to 40% of the country's farmland. Our study also points to other countries where this phenomenon may apply, especially the transitional countries of Central and Eastern Europe.The study discusses the tempo of the fragmentation process, which accelerates exponentially in countries with the equal inheritance system. It goes on to discuss defragmentation, social impacts of the dominance of the land rental market, and environmental impacts of significant homogenization of the land-use pattern. The serious negative impacts of extreme land-ownership fragmentation show that this phenomenon can be considered as a significant form of land degradation.     

Land use effects on bicycle ridership: a framework for state planning agencies

State and local agencies increasingly recognize the importance of bicycling activity and as the number of riders has grown over the past several years, the agencies are becoming more aware of the need to provide better bicycle infrastructure. This paper proposes a series of empirical models and applies them to the State of Maryland in the United States, using a spatial lag approach to explore land use, built environment, demographic, socio-economic, and traffic condition connections to bicycle ridership, defined as the number of bicycle trips generated by a given analysis zone per day. A set of models is proposed for three land-use typologies: urban, sub-urban and rural. The data that drives this analysis was obtained from a recently conducted Household Travel Survey (HTS) in the Baltimore–Washington region in Maryland. Results show that some land uses, socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and transit accessibility are positively correlated with bicycle ridership. Other types of land use, transport system characteristics and income level have an inverse relationship with bicycle ridership. The contributing factors to bicycle ridership vary with land-use typology. This proposed approach could be used to evaluate factors relevant to bicycle demand. State and local agencies are advised to build designated bicycle paths according to traffic conditions and increase bicycle-parking capacity in specific establishments.     

Land consolidation – A great need to improve effectiveness. A case study from Poland

Among the different factors which have an influence on the profitability of small and medium-size farms, a very significant and sometimes even crucial role is played by the unfavourable parameters of land fragmentation (LF). However, this adverse limiting factor can be improved in a relatively short time through land consolidation (LC) treatment. The financial support of these kinds of activities is one of the main aspects of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which aims to equalise the conditions for farming production. Since accession to the EU in 2004, Poland is one of the biggest beneficiaries of various financially-supported projects oriented to the development of rural area, where LC work takes a special position.This paper sums up the outcomes of the LC work that was undertaken in Poland over the period 2007–2013. The results of the investigation delivered the information about the effectiveness of LC work at the farm level. Also, the efficiency of the existing funding strategy of LC work was evaluated. Additionally, the findings revealed poor effects of land swapping and re-parcelling activities, which is disturbing bearing in mind the financial scale and the amount of time spent conducting these actions. As a remedy, several solutions for improvement of the inefficient LC proceedings were proposed.