UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CITIES AND EMISSIONS EMBODIED IN TRADE

The attribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embedded in interregionally traded products to either production or consumption regions is a key issue to the understanding of the global environmental responsibility of metropolitan areas. In this paper we identify GHG emissions for which metropolitan areas assume responsibility by allocating emissions embodied in import and export products to regions of either consumption or production in the cases of three US metropolitan areas. The case studies show that embodied emissions in both export and import products accounted for 63–73% of total GHG emissions directly and indirectly pertaining to these metropolitan economies. These findings suggest that an accounting method that incorporates emissions embodied in product trade has relevance to the development of local policies that govern actions ranging from redirecting metropolitan development patterns toward low carbon emissions to promoting sustainable consumption behavior, particularly those involving the collaboration of cities.     

货币传导异质性与实体经济流动性配置的“马太效应”

货币政策支持实体经济高质量发展的关键在于疏通货币政策传导机制,引导流动性进入重点领域和薄弱环节,因此货币资金的配置效率至关重要。本文基于交互效应面板分位数回归,测度货币政策对实体企业流动性的异质性效应。研究发现:在样本期内,实体经济流动性配置陷入了资金越充裕的企业越易于获得融资,越易于获得融资的企业资金越充裕的窘境。这种流动性配置的“马太效应”具体表现为,货币政策对尾部企业的支持力度不及头部企业的一半;虚拟经济对尾部企业的“分流效应”高达头部企业的3倍,从而强化了流动性配置的失衡。因此,当前密集出台的一系列普惠政策有助于提升流动性配置效率,进一步完善调控模式的关键在于健全现代化金融体系,增强货币政策的靶向性和针对性。     

An empirical analysis of effects of gasoline price change on transportation behavior in Japan,with consideration of regional differences

This empirically analyzes the effect of gasoline price change on various aspects of surface transport behavior comprehensively, with consideration of regional differences as to whether or not the region includes a major metropolitan agglomeration area (hereafter, “megalopolis”), by means of carefully arranging yearly time-series data from fiscal 1987 to fiscal 2008 in Japan. The aim is to look at common as well as different effects among regions and to draw policy implications relating to fuel price, as well as to fuel tax, towards developing a low-carbon transport system, which are applicable to other countries including emerging countries where a demographic disparity between megalopolis areas and rural areas might be increasing. The methodology includes the multiple regression models complemented by the 1st order auto-regressive models of error terms, where the elasticities of gasoline price and those of income regarding usage of personal automobiles, of public transport and of passenger railways with or without periodic tickets, and fuel consumption on cars, as well as ownership of various types of cars, are estimated for individual gross-regions. In both gross-regions, higher gasoline prices are commonly shown to be related to lower ownership of larger private passenger cars, higher ownership of light cars, lower ownership of the total private passenger cars, lower passenger-km per capita in cars, lower fuel consumption on cars and higher transit ridership. The result suggests general automobile-fuel-price policy implications, the extent of which is differentiated by spatial characteristics, and estimates the adverse effect of the possible abolition of the provisional gasoline tax rate on the emissions in both gross-regions. The application of result is also tried in exploring effect of other policy measures such as expressway tolls.     

三大城市跨域合作创新形成机制差异分析

利用三大城市跨域合作专利数据，从知识流动角度分析发现：在知识流入网络中，深圳市是主要流入区；在知识流出网络中，北京市是主要流出区；在知识交流网络中，北京跨域合作创新最多，并且这3种知识交流模式都体现出非“地理邻近性”特征。进一步采用“稀有事件”模型实证回归发现，北京、上海、深圳跨域合作创新的形成机制存在差异。①三大城市跨域合作创新形成都依赖“制度邻近性”，但是,上海市创新网络较为综合，既体现“地理邻近性”也体现“制度邻近性”；②三大城市合作创新形成机制存在差异，其与城市的企业所有制结构密切相关。上海参与合作创新的主体是民营企业，跨域合作创新的市场特征更为明显，合作创新的形成主要依赖非正式“制度邻近性”。深圳市参与合作创新的主体是外资企业，外资企业倾向于通过正式“制度邻近性”的方式将核心技术锁定在企业内部。北京市跨域合作创新的形成以国有企业为主体，主要依赖“隶属关系”和“过往合作经验”，创新网络较为封闭和稳定。     

Taxation of natural resources and economic growth in Russia's regions

We examine the impact of natural resources on economic growth in Russia's regions since the introduction of the mineral tax in 2002. Using novel measures of regional natural resource rents (mineral tax collections), we demonstrate that non-hydrocarbon wealth has had a slightly positive and hydrocarbon wealth has had no to a slightly negative effect on regional growth since 2002, although mineral-rich regions are richer than other regions. The absence of significant growth benefits to resource-endowed regions is at odds with the beneficial impact of natural resources, and particularly hydrocarbons, on the growth of the country as a whole. We discuss the reasons for this outcome and conclude that the central government was successful in taxing away incremental regional resource rents during 2002–2011, while preserving the pre-2002 regional rents.     

Regional unemployment disparities in China

China has larger regional unemployment disparities than any other economy of comparable size. The persistence of the unemployment disparity in China has prevented the aggregate unemployment rate from decreasing even when the country’s GDP was growing at 10 percent per year. Unemployment rates rose and unemployment disparities widened in other transition economies too, but what made China’s disparities wider than those in other transition economies is the existence of a large subsistence sector, where unemployment exists only in a disguised form. This study explains the wide unemployment disparity in China with the geographically uneven distribution of the three sectors: the state sector, which suffers from a steep rise of unemployment during transition; the capitalist sector, which absorbs labor from the subsistence sector and grows rapidly; and the subsistence sector, which supplies its redundant labor to the capitalist sector. The study also presents a case study of Fuxin City, which has experienced an extremely high unemployment rate due to the reform of its main industry. Fuxin’s case is presented as a microcosm of the problems that give rise to unemployment disparities, such as massive layoffs in the state sector, lack of labor mobility in the unemployment-stricken regions, and inadequate development of the capitalist sector.     

An empirical study on the influence of economy hotel website quality on online booking intentions

This study investigates the potential theoretical relationships among economy hotel website quality, eTrust, and online booking intentions in China. A questionnaire survey was performed, and 298 samples were collected from the users of three economy hotel websites (7 days, Home Inns, and Hanting Hotel) in Guangzhou, China. Results of a detailed data analysis demonstrate the influence of the four dimensions of economy hotel website quality (usability, ease of use, entertainment, and complementarity) on eTrust and online booking intentions. Specifically, (1) the usability, entertainment, and complementarity of economy hotel websites significantly positively affected eTrust; on the contrary, the influence of ease of use on eTrust was insignificant; (2) complementarity showed a more positive influence than the three other attributes on online booking intentions; and (3) eTrust significantly positively influenced online booking intentions. These findings contribute to economy hotel online marketing in China by bridging the gap between the exploration of hotel website quality and its influence on online booking intentions.     

京沪高速铁路列车运行模式研究

基于运行图数据,研究京沪高速铁路不同运营时期的运输组织模式,分析不同速度列车共线模式下京沪高速铁路的运能结构变化,探讨高速铁路列车运行模式发展趋势。在分析本线全程列车始发时段与停站次数的关系,研究本线列车开行的周期规律。结果表明,2018年底京沪高速铁路区段通过能力利用存在较大的不均衡性,能力限制区间为徐州东-蚌埠南;分析列车运行模式存在的问题,提出"区域路网直达+跨区域换乘"的运行模式是高速铁路列车运行模式的发展方向。     

区域协调发展的多元利益主体研究

利益协调是保障区域协调发展的关键。企业、地方政府和中央政府是区域协调发展的主要利益主体,其行为动机、行为方式及对区域利益格局的影响各不相同。基于多重委托——代理关系结构,三者形成了相互制约、良性循环的利益关联机制。有效推动区域利益协调,既要发挥政府作用,也要重视企业或者是以企业为代表的微观个体的作用和重要性,必须基于企业、地方政府和中央政府的行为特征和关系结构,构建包含多元利益表达机制、利益分享机制和利益补偿机制的利益协调机制体系。     

新疆经济与环境：问题、破解

新疆自然资源丰富,但是生态环境系统极其脆弱。与全国相比,新疆经济增长过度依赖于能源消耗,致使自然资源的破坏严重。新疆能源消耗结构不合理,煤炭为能源消费的主体,电力消费居高不下;高耗能行业产能及消费量增长迅速;新增企业中高耗能行业能源消费占九成以上。因此,本文认为应坚持生态立区的发展途径,结合新疆环境自身的特点,重点强化各级政府节能环保意识;调整优化产业结构,加快构建节能型产业体系;抓好重点耗能企业节能工作;开发清洁、多样化的可替代能源,全面推行清洁生产;建立健全严格的建设项目环境准入机制,提高企业环境准入门槛;加强企业保护生态环境的社会责任心;平衡地区发展,对落后地区的生态发展进行合理补偿。