2020年我国税收政策举措综述

面对新冠肺炎疫情和社会各种风险矛盾叠加带来的严峻挑战,税务部门在助力抗疫、复工复产、完善征管、便利纳税和服务国家发展大局等方面均实现了新的突破,交上了一份令人满意的答卷.本文梳理和总结了2020年国家出台的重大税收政策举措及其带来的深刻影响,展示了税收工作在助企便民纾困赋能、推动经济社会发展方面所发挥的不可替代的作用.     

科技企业孵化器税收优惠政策对在孵企业技术创新的影响

科技企业孵化器是提高企业存活率、促进科技企业快速成长的重要载体。孵化器税收优惠是支持在孵企业技术创新的重要政策工具。基于2015—2018年国家级科技企业孵化器税收政策落实情况和相关统计数据，运用面板数据模型，分析税收优惠措施对在孵企业技术创新的影响以及孵化器服务的中介作用。通过税收固定效应模型及联立方程组，考察税收优惠这一自变量的内生性问题。研究结果表明，孵化器税收优惠政策对在孵企业研发投入及创新行为具有一定正向影响，且这种影响通过孵化器这一中介机制发挥作用。     

Tax Evasion and the Business Environment in Uganda

This paper examines the interaction between the different indicators of the business environment and tax evasion. First, we develop a simple theoretical model linking tax evasion to the business environment. Second, we test the model predictions using the World Bank Enterprise Survey data for Uganda. Findings indicate that the extent of tax evasion is associated with bureaucratic bribery, the quality and efficiency of the legal systems, and the inadequate provision of public capital. Our results are robust to alternative estimation strategy, choice of instruments, treatment of outliers, and missing data.     

Regional favoritism and tax avoidance: evidence from China

This paper investigates the effect of officials’ regional favoritism on corporate tax avoidance activity in China. We find that firms located in regions that were formerly administered by the current provincial governors have a higher level of tax avoidance than other firms in the province. Further evidence indicates that regional favoritism affects tax avoidance through two channels: regional politicians’ personal connections with the governor and firms’ political access to the governor. Overall, the findings support China's current official selection and promotion guidelines that restrict hometown favoritism. Our results further imply that favoritism can also extend to officials’ former administrative regions.     

Explaining the competition for FDI: Evidence from Costa Rica and cross-national industry-level FDI data

Attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an integral part of the economic development goals of policymakers throughout the world. Previous literature on FDI attractiveness has identified a host of factors that make a country more or less enticing for FDI. Where the literature is less developed is in explaining what occurs when multiple countries are roughly equal across those factors. In this paper, we argue that when several potential host countries (HCs) are on par in attractiveness, a competition arises between them, such that the HC willing to offer the most concessions to the potential foreign investor attracts the investment. We further argue that this competitive relationship holds in some industrial sectors, but not in others, with the difference centered on location constraints. Using both a case study of Costa Rica’s investment promotion activities and cross-national industry-level FDI analyses, we find evidence that concessions are greater in the manufacturing sector, where countries are often equally attractive to FDI, but lower in mining, where natural resource endowments determine FDI attractiveness.     

“营改增”背景下加强《税法》课程教学的探讨

2012年1月1日,按照国家部署,上海地区启动了交通运输业及部分现代服务业营业税改征增值税的试点工作,营业税改征增值税也就是我们常说的"营改增",是结构性减税政策中的重要部分。同年,继上海之后,北京、天津、广东等十省市也实施了这一政策,成为第二批试点地区。经过一年多的试点改革,2013年4月10日,国务院常务会议决定,自2013年8月1日起,将交通运输业和部分现代服务业"营改增"试点工作在全国范围内推开。2013年12月9日,财政部、国家税务总局联合发文《关于将铁路运输和邮政业纳入营业税改征增值税试点的通知》(财税[2013]106号),明确自2014年1月1日起,在全国范围内开展铁路运输和邮政业营改增试点。随着新政策的出台,如何在高校《税法》课程教学中做好营业税改增值税知识的衔接,使学生更加深刻理解"营改增"的内容和意义,掌握"营改增"后增值税的计算,笔者将结合多年的高校教学工作加以分析和总结。     

R&D INTENSITY AND THE EFFECTIVE TAX RATE: A META-REGRESSION ANALYSIS

We apply meta-regression techniques to provide a quantitative review of the empirical literature on how research and development (R&D) expenses affect the effective tax rate (ETR). R&D expenses relate to a well-accepted profit shifting channel, strategic placement of intellectual property within a multinational entity. Using a unique hand-collected data set, we add a new perspective to the current base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) state of research and debate, in three ways: First, observing that primary studies report mixed evidence on how R&D expenses affect ETR, we provide a consensus estimate for this effect. Second, we consider this effect in more detail by separating a tax accounting effect and a profit shifting effect, which to our knowledge has not yet been investigated. We detect that one-third of the R&D effect on the ETR is due to the tax accounting effect and could be mitigated via book-tax conformity. We further find that 10% of the profit shifting effect can be traced back to R&D tax credits. Third, our meta-regression reveals factors that are possible sources of variation and bias in previous empirical studies.     

‘Earnings shocks and tax-motivated income-shifting: evidence from European multinationals’ – revisited

This article revisits the study by Dhammika Dharmapala and Nadine Riedel on income shifting between European multinationals published in the Journal of Public Economics in 2013. It used a promising alternative causal identification strategy for profit-shifting based on earnings shocks, which has over a short time period been frequently cited in the literature. Using data from the same database, albeit for a period 10 years later, for 2006–2015, the significant causal evidence for profit-shifting from European parent firms to their lower taxed European subsidiaries cannot be reproduced. Neither can similar results be obtained by considering profit-shifting to subsidiaries located anywhere in the world. Results in line with those of the original study can however be found when using effective rather than statutory corporate tax rates. While these findings raise concerns about the external validity of earlier studies’ result, it should not put the existence and extent of profit-shifting into question. It rather raises concerns about the focus on statutory tax rates in measuring profit-shifting. Moreover, rather than a decrease in profit-shifting, it may illustrate the database’s and the methodology’s limitations and ability to capture all shifts and channels.     

税延政策下不同收入层人群养老保险模式选择——基于累进税制和比例税制的综合实证研究

个税递延型商业养老保险政策的实施将对不同收入层次和不同收入来源人群的养老保险模式选择产生重大影响,而我国现行以累进型为主的个人所得税制度在这一影响发生的过程中发挥着根本性作用.基于这一影响机制,本文重点研究EET模式商业养老保险的受益群体范围,以不同收入水平和不同收入来源的杭州市居民为研究对象,以包含社会养老保险和商业养老保险的动态养老金总替代率期望值为调节目标,构建包含个人所得税的累进税率和比例税率变量的保险精算模型,设计和测算了投保期内的下临界点S1和上临界点S2.在此基础上,从居民购买商业养老保险意愿度和社会公平的角度出发,探讨对两个临界点的进一步调整,分析EET模式商业养老保险受益群体范围以外人群的行为决策,并最终提出政策性建议.     

进一步完善税收管理员制度的思考

本文结合北京市东城区地税局税收管理员制度执行的实际情况,对其存在的基层税收管理力量薄弱、管理员日常事务繁多、管理对象日趋复杂、分类不够细化、缺乏奖优惩劣机制等问题进行分析,并就进一步完善现行税收管理员制度的构想与措施提出了一些建议.