社会网络视角下联盟成员合作关系对技术标准形成的影响

技术标准联盟已成为各行业技术标准形成与产业化工作的重要主体，而技术标准形成的各项工作主要通过联盟成员间合作得以实施。因此，基于社会网络视角探究技术标准联盟成员合作关系对技术标准形成的影响很有必要。以技术源散性为中介变量，构建联盟成员合作关系对技术标准形成的影响机制模型，提出研究假设，然后绘制闪联标准联盟专利合作网络，并通过专利合作网络拓扑指标对研究假设进行实证检验。结果表明，联盟成员合作广度与技术标准形成之间存在U型关系，联盟成员合作深度能够促进技术标准形成，技术源散性在联盟成员合作关系与技术标准形成之间存在部分中介作用。     

Which consumer feedback metrics are the most valuable in driving consumer expenditure in the tourism industries? A view from macroeconomic perspective

The link between consumer feedback metrics and consumer expenditure at the microeconomic level has been extensively examined. However, little is known at the macroeconomic level about the influence of consumer feedback metrics on consumer expenditure. Relying on actual data concerning consumer feedback metrics and consumer expenditure, the present study examines the influence of various consumer feedback metrics on consumer expenditure in the tourism industries. Our study collected data about consumer feedback metrics and consumer expenditure over the period 2008–2017. The findings indicate that consumer satisfaction and consumer effort score (CES) are the best performing consumer feedback metrics in hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies industries. Furthermore, the top-2-box performs best for predicting consumer expenditure in online booking industry. The findings reflect the significance of consumer feedback metrics on the economy as a whole; therefore, efforts to boost consumer feedback metrics should consider a national agenda.     

Does innovation and financial constraints affect the propensity to save in emerging markets?

Despite the surge in corporate savings and heightened interest in understanding the reasons for this behaviour, little is known about the forces behind this stylised phenomenon in emerging markets (EMs). Using a large sample of firms from nine African countries over the period 2001–2015, we posit and find that the propensity to save is higher in this context due to limited access to external finance. However, when we examine the effects of innovation on corporate savings, we find that the results are reversed as, relative to Non-R&D firms, R&D firms save less of their operating cash flow. This is in stark contrast to the extant literature in advanced economies, which shows that savings are essential to smoothen lumpy, irreversible and risky investments in innovation. We find this is due to the reversal in firm-specific factors, with R&D firms in this context being larger and more mature; hence, relying less on internal financing sources compared to young and less-mature R&D firms in advanced economies. We interpret our results as suggestive of the overarching influence of access to external finance as a major determinant of the propensity to save and deterrent to investing in innovation. Our finding helps explain the glut in innovation amongst small and young firms in emerging markets and calls for policies that promote innovation.     

Zero-rating arrangements of mobile Internet access service providers – An analysis of main factors shaping the need for regulatory interventions

Zero-rating is the practice of providers of radio-based Internet access for moving telecommunication devices of excluding traffic generated by specific online applications from usage counted towards capped allowances or strictly metered tariffs of their end customers. Worldwide and particularly in the European Union (EU), current regulatory frameworks for zero-rating arrangements (ZRA) imply that regulators have to examine on a case-by-case basis whether they prohibit a concrete ZRA or impose restrictions. Such conditions are set because regulators believe that a ZRA runs counter to the interests of end customers or application providers or impedes effective competition between application and Internet service providers. Thus, it is necessary to clarify which case features ought to be inspected in such zero-rating assessments and which feature levels speak against or in favor of regulatory measures linked to ZRA. The present article identifies nine design features of ZRA, three characteristics of customer groups targeted by such offers and three background characteristics of the markets for Internet access services and applications which are of special importance in decisions concerning the need to regulate (to abstain from regulating) zero-rating practices of mobile network operators. The analysis shows that in many instances interests of end customers, application providers as well as of politicians seeking to promote the competitive dynamics on mobile Internet access service and application markets are best served if regulatory authorities tolerate ZRA and control for potential harmful effects after their market launch. Moreover, the study reveals that empirical research on customer reactions to ZRA is urgently required.     

省际边界、方言边界和一价定律

逐步打破和消除市场分割,建立统一开放的市场体系,促进要素的合理流动及优化资源配置是我国经济转型时期面临的重要任务。本文使用1998-2010年123个地级市的月度价格数据,在一价定律框架下分析了27种服务品的短期价格偏差与省际边界、方言边界的关系。研究发现:(1)教育、医疗服务存在显著的省际边界效应,而其他服务的省际边界效应较弱;(2)教育服务还存在显著的方言边界效应,其中小学、初中、高中学习阶段的方言边界效应系数显著;(3)在考虑了样本异质性和样本选择偏误后,结果仍然稳健。上述研究结果反映出依附于行政边界的户籍制度通过影响教育、医疗受益性增加了劳动力省际转移的隐性成本,而地区间的方言差异通过影响随迁子女的教育进一步增加了劳动力跨区域流动的阻力。     

Algarve hotel price determinants: A hedonic pricing model

This study sought to assess customers' willingness to pay for a wide variety of characteristics and attributes of hotels in Portugal's Algarve region. After collecting nearly all the information available on TripAdvisor for hotels in this region, a hedonic pricing model was developed using a database of 9992 cases. The results suggest that – after standardisation – the most important variable shaping Algarve hotel room rates is the previous day's prices. When associated with a family-friendly hotel, star category and services have a greater value than beaches or golf courses do. Customers also appreciate some types of hotels, such as boutique, quaint or trendy hotels, but view others negatively, such as family-friendly or business hotels. Only the specific location of Falesia Beach adds value, although the Algarve is a desirable destination overall. Both destination and hotel managers can use the proposed method to analyse data for their region on customers' propensity to pay.     

“一带一路”倡议如何影响中国企业转型升级

"一带一路"倡议是中国企业走出去和转型升级战略决策的重要政策情境，学界广泛关注其出口贸易效应和对外投资效应，但多为宏观中观层面研究，缺乏其是否以及如何影响企业战略决策的路径及后果的知识。案例研究发现，"一带一路"倡议具有显著的推力和拉力效应，"推力"主要源于市场竞争压力、政府推力、舆论推力与利益相关者推力；而"拉力"则主要表现为新的市场机会、出口固定成本降低、出口边际成本降低、投资壁垒减少和融资成本的变化。随着"一带一路"倡议的实施和推进，推力和拉力效应凸显，企业"主动"或"被动"重新识别地域性机会、产业机会或全球价值链重构机会而实施转型升级，形成三条具有代表性的路径为：依托管理变革能力在省内、国内和国际等层面实施空间转移战略，利用公司创业能力择机实施跨业转型，基于突出的创新和市场能力着力打造自主价值链的一体化战略。进一步地，不同企业（如国有和民营）推力和拉力效应的内涵存在差异，能力基础存在差异，而机会窗口是外部环境变化与企业资源和能力共同结合的产物，因此，它们可能识别和开发的机会存在较大差异。特别地，"一带一路"倡议对民营企业转型升级决策的影响较弱；同时，民营企业转型升级路径中没有识别出跨业转型。该研究夯实了"一带一路"倡议对外投资效应的微观基础，阐明了其影响企业转型升级路径的理论机制，为企业在新时代结合实际选择转型升级路径、切实有效地推进转型升级提供了参考依据。     

The Ottoman dissolution and the İstanbul bourse between war and peace: a foreign exchange market perspective on the Great War

The participation of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War caused economic disruptions, huge budget deficits, surmounted inflation rates and excessive depreciation of Lira, the Ottoman currency. Based on the value of Lira against the currencies of Switzerland, Netherlands, Sweden that were not in the war, we focus on the effects of news about the war on the foreign exchange rates at the ?stanbul bourse from 1918 to 1919. Our results signify some dates, which match the announcements of the armistices and peace meetings, heralding continuous depreciation of Lira. Thus, the findings support the presence of an expectation on the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire with the peace, marked by the escalation of the loss in trust for the Lira and the power of the state in foreign exchange interventions.     

专利技术特征划分的反思与重构

技术特征划分的不确定性在一定程度上加剧了专利确权诉讼和侵权纠纷的频发以及结果的频繁“反转”。从表面上看，技术特征的划分难以通过形式理性加以规范；在理论层面上，技术特征划分涉及事实与价值二分的理论问题。要解决技术特征划分的问题，应在事实与价值之间建立沟通机制，而实践理性正是沟通事实与价值的理论，建立在实践理性的基础之上，将技术特征划分中的事实部分与价值部分利用主客观尺度加以区分。在符合技术特征划分定义的规范下，存在多种技术特征的划分方式，决定最终划分方式的是其背后的实践理由。在具体情境之下，对基于实践理由的制度利益进行衡量，重构司法推理三段论，从而在技术特征划分中建立起技术事实到价值判断的理性化和正当化路径。     

统计制度、抄录环境与核验技术:《1901—1920年中国基督教调查资料》数据分析和校勘

中华续行委办会调查特委会于1918年至1921年间调查整理的基督教资料在流传过程中,曾先后出现了五个相对常见的中英文版本,其中1922年英文版、1922年中文版、1987年中文版和2007年中文版的数据均存在一定差异。本文将梳理各类数据的差异,分析相关原因,指出各个版本中的数据存在统计误差、计算错误、抄录舛误三个方面的问题,并以资料的第三部分《各省基督教事业概况》为例,依据现有不同版本的资料对数据进行校勘。本文就这份基督教调查资料展开的分析和校勘,有利于更好地评估其价值并合理利用,也可以对深入认识和整理近代中国社会调查资料相关数据提供有益思考。